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Method and characterisation following section will explain in detail the characterization techniques used in this research. 3.2.1 X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) Due to the pre-treatment process of mordenite such as silylation sulfonation, XRD was important to assure the phase identity of these materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a technique used for characterizing the arrangement of atoms in crystals and the distances between crystal phases. The German physicist Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. In general x-rays are similar in nature as light with much shorter electromagnetic radiation wavelength. When crystal diffracts X-rays, it causes differences in the path length of various rays. Bragg assume that a beam of perfectly parallel x-rays of wavelength π is incident on this crystal at an angle π, which is the Bragg angle, is measured between the incident beam and the particular crystal planes [149]. Figure β3.1 Schematic represents Braggβs law equation on diffraction of X- ray beam from crystal lattice [149] Braggβs (English physicists Sir W.H. Bragg and his son Sir W.L. Bragg in 1913) came up with an explanation of this by modelling the crystal as a set of discrete of parallel planes and separated by a constant parameter d. This known as Bragg's law ππ = 2ππ ππΞΈ (3.1) Where n is an integer, Sirhan AL-Batty Page 74PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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