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Method and characterisation λ is the wavelength of incident of X-ray beam , d is the spacing between the planes in the atomic lattice. θ is the angle between the incident ray and the scattering planes. Bragg's law gives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice [150]. The X-ray diffractions consists of three main parts. The X-ray source, sample stage, and X-ray detectors. The X-ray source (X-ray tube) holds the anode (made of Fe, Mo, Cr, or Cu block with a metal target), and the cathode (tungsten filament). X-rays are generated in the cathode tube when applying heat to the filament by a separate circuit. Due to the filament heating and the potential difference between the cathode and anode, electrons flow towards the metal target (anode). Electrons are accelerated by increasing the voltage forcing the X-rays to exits the X-ray tube (source). The following figure shows the XRD major component parts. Figure 3.2 Schematic drawing of x-ray diffraction [150] When an X-ray produced from the source, it hits the sample at sample stage, it diffracts in a pattern depending on the structure of the sample. In powder diffraction, the Sirhan AL-Batty Page 75PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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