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3.2.1.1 • • • • • • • XRD sample preparation method Mordenite was ground by pestle and mortar. The sample was sieved through screen mesh. Few grams of the sample was placed on the XRD holder and levelled. 2θ range was set form 5 ̊ to 45 ̊. Step size was 0.03°. Scan speed = 3o /min (total interval 20 minutes). Generated data was collected in excel format. Method and characterisation diffraction pattern is obtained from the zeolite powder (in this work). When incident beam hits the sample, the X-Ray with the wavelength λ hits the crystal at an angle θ which is the measured between the incident beams and diffract beam. The intensity of the diffract (reflected) x-rays is recorded by the detector and as a result of the analysis run; a graph of the intensity versus the angle of the detector is generated, 2θ is shown by the displaying unit as a diffraction pattern. When the difference in path length for the top and bottom rays is equal to one wavelength (λ), a constructive interference occurs. When reflected waves will be out of phase, then destructive interference will occur where it does not satisfied Bragg’s equation. The X-ray diffraction used in this work was Miniflex by Rigaku X-ray analytical instrumentation with CuKα radiation source (λ = 1.5418 Ǻ), tension = 30 kV. It was used for mordenite powder before and after functionalization. The following is the procedure used in conducting XRD techniques. 3.2.2 ScanningElectronMicroscopy(SEM) SEM is powerful technique used for observation and characterization of both organic and inorganic materials and surfaces. The main components of SEM are the electron beam column, specimen chamber, vacuum pump, and detectors. The following figure shows the SEM component Sirhan AL-Batty Page 76PDF Image | Membrane Electrode Assembly Modification by Zeolite and Graphene Oxide
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