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Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review Table 1. TMI projections for 10 kW Systems Producing 5000 psi Pure Hydrogen NREL/CP-610-32405 Parameter DOE Goal TMI Projection* Pressurized H2 at refueling $12-15/MM BTU station from fossil fuels $14.26 $14.41 $275. 95% Renewable-based production Electrolyzer cost Electrolyzer efficiency Introduction and Background H2 $10-15/MM BTU < $300./kW > 92% In the Fiscal Year 2002 Annual Operating Plan for the Hydrogen Program,[1] various cost and performance goals were cited: pressurized hydrogen from fossil fuels for vehicles delivered at the refueling station for $12-15/MMBtu, hydrogen from renewable fuels for $10-15/MMBtu, water electrolyzer systems having 92% efficiency for under $300. per kW, and reversible (fuel cell-electrolyzer) systems having round trip efficiencies of 70% and costs under $600. per kW. Phase I of this program, completed in September 2000, included detailed economic and engineering studies for several alternative grid-independent, residential scale, electric power systems[2]. System components studied included engine-generators, storage battery banks, wind turbine-generators, TMI fuel cell systems, and TMI reversible fuel cell/energy storage systems. The suitability of the technology for ‘peak shaving’ was also examined. The concept is to augment high priced electricity during peak useage periods with lower priced “stored” power produced at off-peak rates. The method is to use reversible fuel cells to convert and store electricity in reactant form until later in time when it can be reconverted back to electricity. The reversible fuel cell systems had projected round trip efficiencies of 73% (thus exceeding the above target). Preliminary laboratory tests on reversible single cells were also performed. TMI’s Phase II modified statement of work sought to expand on the understandings of reversible solid oxide systems and explore a variety of materials and engineering options.[3] TMI’s reversible solid oxide fuel cells have been tested primarily between 800° and 1000°C, with recent testing between 850° and 925°C. TMI has repeatedly demonstrated (since 1994) the capability of the solid oxide fuel cell to operate in electrolysis mode, with typical polarization voltages equal to or less than fuel cell polarization voltages at the same currents. In fuel cell mode, cells and stacks have been repeatedly demonstrated to be capable of operation on either hydrogen/steam fuel mixtures or on reformed hydrocarbon mixtures. Cell Geometry Figure 1 shows how passive cells operate in fuel cell and electrolysis modes. The hollow cylindrical cells have outside diameters of 56 mm. In fuel cell mode (a), the fuel reactant is delivered through a central fuel plenum and diffuses radially outward. Spent fuel (CO2 / H2O) diffuses inward to the fuel plenum and is eventually released as exhaust. At the perimeter, air oxygen diffuses inward until it is transported electrochemically across the ceramic electrolyte. Nitrogen acts as an inert diluent. In electrolysis mode (b), water vapor diffuses from the fuel plenum outward toward the rim. Oxygen is removed via high temperature electrolysis. The stripped hydrogen then diffuses back toward the fuel manifold. The diffusion processes are driven by chemical concentration and not by hydrodynamic pressure gradients. 2PDF Image | Nafion Resins: Novel Device Applications
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