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Proceedings of the 2002 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review (a) Fuel/Air Cell NREL/CP-610-32405 O2 from Air H2, CO H2O, CO2 Key Separator Electrolyte Electrode Seal (b) Electrolyzer Cell FIGURE 1. TMI PASSIVE CELL SCHEMATICS (radial cross sections not to scale, showing diffusion species) Heating Values and Efficiency Definitions Lower heating value (LHV) is the enthalpy change of combustion of a fuel at a reference temperature (usually 60°F) with H2O remaining as vapor. Higher heating value (HHV) is the enthalpy change with water condensed to liquid. Natural gas is treated as a methane-rich mixture with a variable composition. Heating values may be converted to volts by dividing heating value in J/mole by Faraday’s constant (96,485 C/mole) multiplied by electrochemical equivalents. The heating values for hydrogen equals the enthalpy change for decomposition of H2O. The efficiency of a fuel cell system is defined as (electric power output)/LHV. Energy efficiency is (electric power output + useful thermal output)/LHV. The efficiency of an electrolyzer is (hydrogen HHV)/electric power input. The “round trip” or reversible efficiency is considered as (energy output)/(energy input). Several different efficiencies are of interest for systems that produce hydrogen from fossil fuels such as natural gas. The ratio of moles of hydrogen delivered per mole of natural gas may be combined with values from Table 1 to give various values. The ratio of hydrogen HHV or LHV to natural gas LHV are relevant. However, since fuel H2O H2 separator seal electrolyte O2 3PDF Image | Nafion Resins: Novel Device Applications
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