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Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 15 of methanol with a purity of 99.7 wt%, which is the common scale of commercial methanol plants. The system mainly consists of two blocks: SOE process and methanol synthesis upgrading. Energies 2019, 12, 3742 3 of 15 2.1. Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Process The SOE processes have been described clearly in the authors’ publications, e.g., [33–36]. The of methanol with a purity of 99.7 wt%, which is the common scale of commercial methanol plants. demineralized water (1) is first vaporized and then mixed with the recirculated cooled product (9) The system mainly consists of two blocks: SOE process and methanol synthesis upgrading. from the SOE. The mixed feed (4) is further heated to 750 °C mainly by SOE outlets, waste boiler, or electrical heating if necessary. The steam is then partially decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen in 2.1. Solid-Oxide Electrolysis Process the SOE, and the produced gas mixture (6) is cooled to 40 °C before entering a flash drum, where most of the unreacted water is separated. The obtained hydrogen (17) is transported to the methanol The SOE processes have been described clearly in the authors’ publications, e.g., [33–36]. synthesis process, while the oxygen is piped to the oxygen station as a byproduct. The sweep oxygen The demineralized water (1) is first vaporized and then mixed with the recirculated cooled product (11) is cooled or heated to 750 °C and fed into the SOE for the thermal management of the stack. (9) from the SOE. The mixed feed (4) is further heated to 750 ◦C mainly by SOE outlets, waste boiler, For the SOE modeling, a quasi-2D model developed and experimentally validated in [33–35] is or electrical heating if necessary. The steam is then partially decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen employed. The SOE operates adiabatically with an inlet te◦mperature of 750 °C and a maximum in the SOE, and the produced gas mixture (6) is cooled to 40 C before entering a flash drum, where temperature gradient of 120 °C. The other key parameters are shown in Table 1. Under the adiabatic most of the unreacted water is separated. The obtained hydrogen (17) is transported to the methanol conditions, if the stack operates with a properly large current density (overpotential), the stack outlet synthesis process, while the oxygen is piped to the oxygen station as a byproduct. The sweep oxygen temperature will be higher t◦han the inlet temperature [33], which offers additional freedom and (11) is cooled or heated to 750 C and fed into the SOE for the thermal management of the stack. benefits for system design since electrical heating can be reduced. Figure 1. Schematic of the CO2-to-methanol system integrated with solid-oxide electrolyzer (SOE). Figure 1. Schematic of the CO2-to-methanol system integrated with solid-oxide electrolyzer (SOE). Heat exchanger network is not explicitly designed, but its performance is estimated with classical Heat exchanger network is not explicitly designed, but its performance is estimated with classical chemical engineering method in, e.g., [37]. chemical engineering method in, e.g., [37]. For the SOE modeling, a quasi-2D model developed and experimentally validated in [33–35] Table 1. The decision variables and their bounds. ◦ is employed. The SOE operates adiabatically with an inlet temperature of 750 ◦ C and a maximum Variable Lower Bound Upper Bound Unit temperature gradient of 120 C. The other key parameters are shown in Table 1. Under the adiabatic SOE operating pressure 1.1 78 bar conditions, if the stack operates with a properly large current density (overpotential), the stack outlet SOE steam utilization 0.3 0.8 - temperature will be higher than the inlet temperature [33], which offers additional freedom and benefits Steam feed flowrate 0.5 15 sccm/cm2 for system design since electrical heating can be reduced. Sweep-gas feed flowrate 0.1 36 sccm/cm2 Note: The SOE inlet temperature is set at 750 °C. The current density is calculated based on the given feed flowrates to reach given steam utilization.PDF Image | Optimization of CO2-to-Methanol with Solid-Oxide Electrolyzer
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