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Energies 2019, 12, 3742 5 of 15 3.1. Thermodynamic Performance Indicators The thermodynamic performance is evaluated with energy efficiency (η) in the following Equation (3). · η = MMeOH · LHVMeOH (3) · ∆E ·· where MMeOH is mass flow of the produced methanol, LHVMeOH is the LHV of methanol, ∆E is electric power input. 3.2. Economic Performance Indicators Cost evaluation considers both capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX). The investment cost (CAPEX) is estimated based on [37], with the uncertainty range up to ±30% [37,42, 43]. The OPEX includes depreciation costs and variable costs, related to labor, electricity, catalysts, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, etc. 3.2.1. Capital Investment The pressure-and-material-factored method and the capacity-factored method are employed to calculate the investment cost. The capacity-factored method given in Equation (4) is used for the components listed in Table 2. where C0p,re f and A0re f refer to the base cost and size or capacity of equipment taken from literature while α is cost exponent, which is assumed to be 0.65–0.85. Iindex and Iref_index are Marshall and Swift index of the desired and reference year (2017). Table 2. Parameters for the cost evaluation of major equipment via the capacity-factored method. I A index 0 a Cinv = C · (4) Iref_index p,ref 0 Aref Unit SOE single stack a Methanol reactor Steam turbine system Base Cost C0p,ref (M$) 2 × 10−3 3.5 5.9 Base A0ref - 44.28 10.3 Base Unit - ton/d methanol MWh Base Year - 2011 2002 α Ref. - - 0.8 [44] 0.65 [43] a The SOE stack is taken as around 2000 $/stack [45], with its lifetime being around 48,000 hours [28]. The pressure-and-material-factored method is for standard series equipment and process vessels, such as pump, compressor, heat exchanger, flash drum, waste boiler and distillation column. The related factors refer to the paper by Turton et al. [37]. 3.2.2. Operational Cost The OPEX calculation is based on literature [46]. The depreciation cost is calculated by dividing the total investment cost by the present worth of annuity as shown in Equation (5). i×(i+1)n Cdep = Cinv × n (5) where Cdep is the depreciation cost ($/year), Cinv is the total investment cost ($/year), i is the annual interest rate and n is the plant lifetime (year). (i+1) −1PDF Image | Optimization of CO2-to-Methanol with Solid-Oxide Electrolyzer
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