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Youness El Fouih and Chakib Bouallou / Energy Procedia 37 (2013) 6679 – 6686 6681 H2O 2 + CO + O2 (1) The first reaction to be considered is the reverse reaction of water gas shift: CO2 + H2 2O (2) Another side reaction that can also affect the electrolysis operation is the formation of coke (carbon deposition on the surface of the electrolysis cell) as follows: 1/2 O2 (3) At a temperature below 700 ° C, and in the presence of Ni as catalyst methane is formed according to the following reaction: CO + 3 H2 2O + CH4 (4) Therefore it is preferable to use temperatures above 700 ° C to avoid the formation of methane [5]. In order to determine the composition (mole fractions of the chemical species) at the outlet of the electrolysis cell according to the operating parameters including the current density i, T the temperature and gas flow rates. H2O and CO2 co-electrolysis model is much more complicated than simple electrolysis of water or carbon dioxide. The reaction mechanism of co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 is complicated and not fully understood because it includes three simultaneous reactions: electrolysis of CO2, H2O and the reverse reaction of water gas shift (RWGS). Until now it is not precisely known if the CO produced is formed by electrolysis of CO2, or via the reverse reaction of water gas [6]. Many researchers believe that Water Gas Shift Reaction (WGS) is the source of CO produced during co- electrolysis, because it is thermodynamically favorable to these conditions [7]. It should be noted that the electrolysis reactions are not equilibrium reactions, because of SOEC tightness that allows the separation of products and reactants, the only equilibrium reaction is the RWGS. In our model we consider that the CO2 and H2O co-electrolysis involves three stages: the first is the RWGS reaction that takes place when gas at the inlet of the electrolysis cell are preheated at a temperature between 200 ° C and 300 ° C. The second step is the electrolytic reduction of CO2 and H2O. The last one is RWGS reaction at high temperature, typically 800 ° C, which takes place at the output of the electrolysis cell. Similarly to the model developed in [7], by using a mass balance for the four reactions mentioned above we determine the outlet composition of the electrolysis cell. Once the gas outlet composition is determined, using an energy balance of the electrolysis cell we determine the energy consumption of the electrolysis operation. 3. Ethanol synthesis Ethanol is a 2-carbon alcohol with a molecular formula CH3-CH2-OH. It is a colourless versatile solvent miscible with water. During the last decade world production of ethanol has doubled and it is expected to triple by 2015. This constant increase can be explained by the high demand for biofuels. As presented in Fig. 2, syngas could be converted to ethanol in three different pathways. The first pathway consists of direct synthesis of ethanol form syngas. The second pathway is syngas conversion to methanol which is converted to ethanol via methanol homologation reaction. The last pathway is known as the ENSOL process. Syngas is first converted to methanol over a methanol commercial synthesis catalyst followed by methanol carbonylation to acetic acid in the second step and, then, subsequent hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol. All these pathways differ in term of catalysts used, operationPDF Image | Recycling of carbon dioxide to produce ethanol
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