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2.2.3. How do Batteries work?16 Basic batteries consist of two or more chemicals creating a conductive environment and ions. This set-up creates an electrical potential difference between the two metals. These chemicals in the batteries do not store electricity, instead storing chemical energy which produces electricity through reaction, and thus act as energy conversion devices. There are two kinds of batteries: primary and secondary. Primary, which are disposable, come in several standard form factors (e.g., AAA, AA, C, D, 9 volt, etc.), and cannot recharge. Secondary batteries have multiple uses, can recharge many times, and have numerous form factors. The batteries that will be in this study are secondary batteries. There are several types of chemistries for secondary batteries, and different chemistries have advantages and disadvantages. For example, Lithium-based batteries have high energy, power, a large number of life cycles, and have a low mass, which makes them good for transportation applications. Other batteries allow short burst of large current without damage (Starting batteries). The power output ability of a battery can be quantified through the terminology of “C-rate”, a measurement provided by the manufacturer that describes how much current the battery is capable of providing over time.17 Different types of batteries have different acceptable C-rates, so C-rate is an important factor to consider when choosing a battery for transportation applications because of the variability in mission requirements. Batteries with low C-rates are used more for longer term energy storage without fast power transient, while those with higher C-rates are designed for fast charge and discharge. Another important aspect of batteries is the depth of discharge. Depending on the battery type, deep discharge can ruin the recharge ability of a secondary battery over time. The allowable minimum depth of discharge is an important factor in sizing battery systems and means that the installed energy capacity of a battery system will nearly always be some factor higher than the energy available for use. 2.2.4. Battery Data and Specifications Below are the data for both system level and modular level battery systems. A system is made up of many modules and includes the volume and weight penalties of the array as well as required ancillary equipment such as controllers and cooling hardware. The calculations for determining the size and weight of shipboard battery systems will use the trend for system level battery for as a more accurate estimate. The following data comes from these footnoted sources.18,19,20 16 Ibid 17 Warner, The Handbook of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Design, Chapter 4. 18 “PBES Specification Sheet: System Specifications for the PBES Power & Energy Systems,” Plan B Energy Storage, May 2017. Available: http://www.pbes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PBES_Power-Energy_2017-06- 16.pdf 19 “Technology & Specifications | Corvus Energy.” Corvus Energy. Available: http://corvusenergy.com/technology- specifications/ 20 “SpearPowerSystems – Products,” Spear Power Systems. Available: http://www.spearpowersystems.com/?page_id=1391 27PDF Image | Regenerative Fuel Cell
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