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Discrete Regenerative Fuel Cell System The DRFC uses two different PEM electrochemical devices: an electrolysis stack and a fuel cell stack that share connections to a common hydrogen storage system. While in strict terms the DRFC is not a reversible fuel cell, it is included here because its use of a common storage system allows DRFC systems to rival URFC systems in energy density. The electrolysis system has a cell stack specifically designed for operation at potentials above the reversible potential for water splitting and a design optimized for removal of the product hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon-based materials are not used in the electrolysis stack and the catalyst layer is designed to operate in the presence of liquid water. The bipolar plate materials are typically metals such as tantalum or niobium that are highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Tantalum- and niobium-coated stainless steels also could be acceptable. The fuel cell system is consistent in both design and materials with stationary and automotive PEM fuel cells. The stack can use carbon supported catalyst or the nano-structured thin film (NSTF) catalyst developed by 3M. Bipolar plate materials for the fuel cell systems include graphite and may include corrosion-protected stainless steel. Those bipolar plate materials acceptable for PEM automotive fuel cell systems will be acceptable for the fuel cell in the PEM DRFC. The DRFC system may have greater durability requirements than the automotive PEM fuel cell. The durability requirements will be application dependent because the 5,000 hours durability target for a PEM automotive fuel cell represents approximately 5 years of operation in the vehicle while a reversible fuel cell operating in an electricity arbitrage application (20% capacity factor) or in a UAV application (60% capacity factor) could reach 5,000 hours in 7 months. "Hard" starts and stops (i.e., complete turndown with replacement of the hydrogen in the anode by air) are known to increase the rate of degradation of the PEM fuel cell. Continuous operation of the PEM fuel cell has a smaller effect on degradation. In the DRFC system, separate plumbing is required for the electrolysis stack and for the fuel cell stack, although some of the remaining BoP can be common to both, for example hydrogen storage vessels, control systems, and power conditioning systems. The use of separate BoPs for reactant flow and cooling systems allows each stack to be optimized for its application and simplifies the requirements for individual BoP components and subsystems. However, this increases somewhat the overall size, part count, and complexity of the DRFC system compared to the URFC systems. Thermal management and reactant delivery systems for the fuel cell can be optimized for efficiency in the DRFC. Gas collection and product clean-up (e.g., water removal) are readily optimized for the PEM electrolysis unit without compromising the performance of the separate PEM fuel cell. The DRFC fuel cell system will benefit from automotive, material handling equipment (MHE), and backup power fuel cell development activities that will help drive down the cost of the fuel cell and BoP components for the DRFC. The DRFC system can satisfy those applications where operation in the electrolysis mode may be extended in time and at lower power than when operating in the fuel cell mode. One application would be backup power where hydrogen production and storage can occur over several days at low power density while fuel cell operation may require minutes to hours of operation at high power density. This backup power application can utilize a much smaller electrolysis unit compared to the fuel cell unit. The DRFC system also can satisfy applications 4PDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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