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hydrogen ($/kg) to be $3.02/gallon comparing a hydrogen vehicle with 50 miles per kg of hydrogen to a gasoline vehicle with 30 miles per gallon of gasoline; they assumed for the analysis electric power cost at $0.039/kWh. The critical conclusion was that hydrogen vehicles would be $1.00 per equivalent gallon less expensive to operate than present internal combustion vehicles based on the above assumptions. Table 3. Benefits of the WaMM URFC Design Identified by GES Function Electrolyzer Fuel Cell Combined System Benefit >99.9% dry product gases with no liquid phase separation required for hydrogen storage Feed water is static with no liquid recirculation pumps Gas feed can be static with no gas recirculation pumps In-situ humidification and no external humidifiers required Rapid turnaround time from fuel cell mode to electrolyzer mode; ~ 5 seconds Water permeable plate not susceptible to impurities in feed water and purity constraints can be relaxed; no deionization beds needed. GES demonstrated the importance of efficiency for a regenerative system with a calculation of the profit or loss realized by a 100 MW wind farm that used a reversible fuel cell system and hydrogen storage in an electricity arbitrage scheme. A regenerative wind farm with a regenerative system operating at 50% roundtrip efficiency would have an annual profit of ~$1,200,000. On the other hand, if the regenerative system had only a 40% roundtrip efficiency it would realize an annual loss of ~$300,000. The swing from a profit to a loss for a 10% reduction in efficiency emphasizes the very critical need to optimize the technology and the importance of eliminating performance degradation. More details of this calculation are available on Slide 13 of the GES presentation in Appendix B. GES identified three approaches for improving the performance of its electrolyzers: 1) lowering the gas permeability of the membrane, 2) increasing the ionic conductivity of the membrane, and 3) developing catalysts and membranes that operate at elevated temperatures. GES reported that a 5-fold improvement in conductivity/permeability would reduce the energy needed to produce hydrogen from 54 kWh/kg-H2 to 45 kWh/kg-H2 for an electrolyzer operating at 500 mA/cm2 and from 50 kWh/kg-H2 to 46 kWh/kg-H2 for an electrolyzer operating at 1,000 mA/cm2. Increasing the electrolysis operating temperature from 60°C to 80°C reduces the energy requirements for hydrogen production by 4% at 1,000 mA/cm2. GES's analysis of high pressure electrolyzer operation concludes that high pressure leads to system simplification but does not necessarily lower the cost of hydrogen due to the higher equipment costs for a pressurized electrolyzer. The calculated cost of generating H2 for storage at 300, 2,000, and 5,000 psi is shown in Figure 2 as a function of electricity costs and current density. The minimum costs are projected for operation at 300 psi. 8PDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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