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One of the most important incentives for mating an SOEC to a high temperature nuclear reactor is based on the fact that the electrochemical water-splitting reaction (electrolysis) is endothermic. Both heat and electricity are required to split water by electrolysis. In addition, the amount of heat required increases with increasing temperature while the amount of electricity required decreases. For example, at 80°C, the maximum operating temperature of an atmospheric pressure PEM electrolysis cell, 93% of the energy required to split water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen must be supplied in the form of electricity and the other 7% as heat. However, at 800°C the breakdown is only 76% as electricity and 24% as heat—supplied at the operating temperature of the unit. Initially it was thought that this made steam electrolysis an excellent match for the high temperature Gen IV reactor. However, all electrochemical devices use ion-conducting electrolytes that have an inherent internal resistance. When an ionic current flows through the electrolyte, heat is generated. In the industry this is called Ohmic heating or “I-squared R” (I2R) heating and is proportional to the square of the ionic current, I, passing through the cell, multiplied by the ionic resistance, R. This is the analogue of resistive heating in an electrical circuit. The ionic resistance of state-of-the-art electrolyte membranes in PEM electrolysis cells is such that, at moderate to high current densities, far more heat is generated than is required to supply the endothermic needs of the water-splitting reaction. Therefore, at useful current densities, PEM electrolysis units must be cooled to remove the excess heat generated by the internal resistance. This is not necessarily true of SOEC cells and stacks. Because of the higher heat requirement for these high temperature devices, it is possible to operate at a moderate to high current density such that the heat generated by the internal resistance exactly matches the endothermic demands of the water-splitting reaction. This is called the thermal neutral point. Operating below this current density means that both electricity and heat must be supplied to the cell stack. Operating above this current density means that excess heat must be removed from the cell stack. There are several advantages to operating at the thermal neutral point including low thermal stresses on the ceramic parts and the elimination of the need for heat management. The disadvantage is that the cell stack must operate in a narrow range of current densities. Reversible SOFC/SOEC Development It has been known almost from the inception of work on SOFC that the cells could be reversed and used for steam electrolysis cells. However, until recently there has been no concerted effort to develop reversible SOFC/SOEC. For the last two years Versa Power Systems (Versa) has been performing work funded by DARPA, via a subcontract from Boeing, developing high specific power units for an autonomous aircraft, known generically as a UAV. Versa also has been performing work under a contract with the DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program to demonstrate a kilowatt size-class reversible SOFC/SOEC. 16PDF Image | Reversible Fuel Cells Workshop Summary Report
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