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Minh and Mogensen (continued from previous page) fuel feeds with no water). Internal reforming using on-anode reformation is well known and has been demonstrated for the SOFC. Instead of complete (100 percent) internal reforming, it is possible to have a portion of the fuel reformed in an external reformer (referred to as a pre-reformer) and the resulting reformate plus the remaining fuel are fed to the SOFC where the fuel is internally reformed (via steam reforming) within the fuel cell. An example is the demonstration of operation of a 5 kW SOFC system with an auto-thermal reformation reformate containing about 7 volume% methane slip.25 This pre-reforming/internal reforming option has been employed to use the endothermic reforming reactions to reduce cooling requirements in thermal management of the SOFC. The SOFC has been shown in recent years to have the capability for direct utilization of different types of fuel.26 For direct fuel utilization operation, the anode material has been modified to address the carbon deposition issue associated with nickel commonly used in the anode composition (e.g., Cu/ceria instead of Ni/YSZ27). With modified anodes, high electrochemical performance can be achieved for direct SOFCs. For example, a peak power density of about 400 mW/cm2 at 800oC was obtained with 7.3% ethanol balance He fuel and air oxidant for an anode-supported SOFC with a dual layer anode consisting of a Cu- Fig. 6. Performance at 800oC with 7.3% ethanol balance He fuel and air oxidant for an anode- supported SOFC (with a dual layer anode consisting of a Cu-CeO2 impregnated Ni/YSZ support outer layer and a Ni/YSZ electroactive inner layer). (Type 2 and 3 indicates different thermal treatments of infiltrated anodes).28 58 CeO impregnated Ni/YSZ support outer 2 is the only electrolysis cell having this capability. The SOEC operating at high temperatures has the advantage that the electrical energy required for the electrolysis decreases as temperature increases and the unavoidable Joule heat is used in the water and/or carbon dioxide splitting process. Thus, the SOEC can work under the so- called thermoneutral condition, i.e., at the thermoneutral voltage (Vtn), the electricity input exactly matches the total energy demand of the electrolysis reaction. In this case, the electrical-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency is 100%. At cell operating voltagesPDF Image | Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology for Green Fuel
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