Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology for Green Fuel

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Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology for Green Fuel ( reversible-solid-oxide-fuel-cell-technology-green-fuel )

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Minh and Mogensen (continued from previous page) fuel feeds with no water). Internal reforming using on-anode reformation is well known and has been demonstrated for the SOFC. Instead of complete (100 percent) internal reforming, it is possible to have a portion of the fuel reformed in an external reformer (referred to as a pre-reformer) and the resulting reformate plus the remaining fuel are fed to the SOFC where the fuel is internally reformed (via steam reforming) within the fuel cell. An example is the demonstration of operation of a 5 kW SOFC system with an auto-thermal reformation reformate containing about 7 volume% methane slip.25 This pre-reforming/internal reforming option has been employed to use the endothermic reforming reactions to reduce cooling requirements in thermal management of the SOFC. The SOFC has been shown in recent years to have the capability for direct utilization of different types of fuel.26 For direct fuel utilization operation, the anode material has been modified to address the carbon deposition issue associated with nickel commonly used in the anode composition (e.g., Cu/ceria instead of Ni/YSZ27). With modified anodes, high electrochemical performance can be achieved for direct SOFCs. For example, a peak power density of about 400 mW/cm2 at 800oC was obtained with 7.3% ethanol balance He fuel and air oxidant for an anode-supported SOFC with a dual layer anode consisting of a Cu- Fig. 6. Performance at 800oC with 7.3% ethanol balance He fuel and air oxidant for an anode- supported SOFC (with a dual layer anode consisting of a Cu-CeO2 impregnated Ni/YSZ support outer layer and a Ni/YSZ electroactive inner layer). (Type 2 and 3 indicates different thermal treatments of infiltrated anodes).28 58 CeO impregnated Ni/YSZ support outer 2 is the only electrolysis cell having this capability. The SOEC operating at high temperatures has the advantage that the electrical energy required for the electrolysis decreases as temperature increases and the unavoidable Joule heat is used in the water and/or carbon dioxide splitting process. Thus, the SOEC can work under the so- called thermoneutral condition, i.e., at the thermoneutral voltage (Vtn), the electricity input exactly matches the total energy demand of the electrolysis reaction. In this case, the electrical-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency is 100%. At cell operating voltages Vtn, heat must be removed from the system and the efficiency is below 100%. SOEC single cells have been shown to have the ability to perform well for hydrogen production from steam. For example, a cell voltage of 1.1V (below Vtn) has been obtained for a Ni/YSZ supported SOEC cell of 45 cm2 active area at a current density of about 1.4A/cm2, 900oC, 93% H2O balance H2.39 Figure 8 summarizes data on current densities at the thermoneutral voltage reported in the literature for steam electrolysis between 500o and 900oC. Current density variations for the same material systems are due to starting material characteristics, processing, absolute humidity input, and flow rates. At higher temperatures (>900oC), extraordinarily high current densities have been reported, e.g., about 3 A/cm2 at 1.3V, 950oC.37 SOECs have been shown capable of CO2 electrolysis37,40 and syngas production by inputs of H2O+CO2 at similar current density ranges to steam electrolysis41 although the area specific resistance (ASR) for electrolysis of CO2 is generally higher than that of H2O.42 The mechanism for the CO2 reduction is not well determined and may depend on the detailed structure of the electrode. In The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2013

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