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Catalysts 2017, 7, 367 9 of 31 Table 2. Textural properties of the conventional ZSM-5 and MFI nanosheet zeolites in the references. Sample ZSM-5-bulk ZSM-5(6, 20, 423) MFI nanosheets MFI nanosheets MFI-Al MFI-10/3 ZSM-5 MFI-like MFI-like Fe/ZSM-5-sheet Fe/ZSM-5-sheet MFI nanosheets ZSM-5-S ZSM-5-R MesoMFI(2, OH) MesoMFI(3, OH) MesoMFI(4, OH) MLMFI PI-ZSM-5 SDA TPAOH C22-6-6(Br)2 BCPh-6-6-6 BCPh-8-6-6 C22-6-6 (OH)2 , C2H5OH C22−6−6 (Br)2 , TPAOH C18−6−6 (Br)2 , TPABr 18–N3 –18 18–N4–18 C16-6-6 (Br)2 C16-6-6 (OH)2 C18-6-6 (Br)2 C22 -N4 -C22 (Br)4 C22 -N4 -C22 (Br)4 C22-6-6(OH)2 C22-6-6-6(OH)3 C22-6-6-6-6(OH)4 Cbiphen-8-6-6 C22-6-6 Br2 SBET a (m2·g−1) 373 685 658 621 479 517 612 1190 1060 508 522 530 630 518 457 532 527 519 698 Sext b (m2 g−1) 91 826 - - - 376 260 - - - - - 439 355 393 429 535 221 498 VTot c (cm3 g−1) 0.21 0.75 0.62 0.58 1.05 0.50 0.80 1.58 1.48 0.57 0.65 0.64 1.18 1.32 0.85 0.85 1.15 0.27 0.61 Vmic d (cm3·g−1) 0.17 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.22 0.07 - - - 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.12 Vmes e (cm3·g−1) 0.04 0.66 0.51 0.48 0.83 0.43 - - - 0.45 0.53 0.51 1.03 1.19 0.77 0.73 1.05 0.15 0.49 Tthic f (nm) - - 4.8 4.9 - - - 1.7 2.3 2–3 2–3 2.5 - T g (d) 3 5 - - 5 5 5 - - 9 9 11 5 5 12 12 12 5 h [41] [41] [42] [42] [44] [45] [47] [50] [50] [51] [51] [52] [53] [53] [54] [54] [54] [55] [56] R - - - - 3.5 -7 a BET surface area; b External surface area; c Total volume; d Micropore volume; e Mesopore volume; f Thickness of nanosheet; g Times used for synthesizing the nanosheet zeolite; h Reference. 2.4. b-Oriented MFI Zeolite The straight channel along b axis has been considered as the fast diffusion pathway due to the straight and short transport path [57]. The catalytic activity of b-oriented MFI zeolite was enhanced sharply when it was applied in the supercritical catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon due to ultrashort diffusion path [58]. Therefore, much attention has been attracted to prepare the MFI zeolite grown only along the b-axis to decrease the diffusion length. However, most of the related studies were to prepare the b-oriented MFI zeolite without aluminum atoms [59–61]. It is of great challenge to prepare b-oriented MFI zeolite containing aluminum atoms for catalytic reactions, for the difficulty on effectively controlling the growth orientation with the co-existence of silicon and aluminum atoms. Besides, it is difficult to control the b-orientation of MFI crystals in a bi- or multi-layer. A layer by layer method was developed to prepare the multilayer b-oriented ZSM-5 coatings on stainless steel slides by surface modification with TiO2 sols for catalytic cracking of n-dodecane (Figure 6) [57]. The hydroxyl groups (Ti-OH) could facilitate the directional growth. Therefore, the ZSM-5 monolayer grew along the b axis with the guidance of TiO2 layer during hydrothermal treatment process. Similar process was conducted several times to obtain enough mass of b-oriented ZSM-5 layers. The catalytic activity of n-dodecane cracking over b-oriented ZSM-5 layers increased more than 60% and the deactivation rate decreased from 17.3% to 2.3% due to the enhanced diffusion rate in b-oriented ZSM-5 zeolite. Overall, synthesis of b-oriented MFI zeolite is still in laboratory scale, and it is difficult to directly control the crystal growth.PDF Image | Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5
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