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monolayer grew along the b axis with the guidance of TiO2 layer during hydrothermal treatment process. Similar process was conducted several times to obtain enough mass of b-oriented ZSM-5 layers. The catalytic activity of n-dodecane cracking over b-oriented ZSM-5 layers increased more than 60% and the deactivation rate decreased from 17.3% to 2.3% due to the enhanced diffusion rate Cinatably-ostrsi2e0n17te, 7d, 3Z67SM-5 zeolite. Overall, synthesis of b-oriented MFI zeolite is still in laboratory1s0coafl3e1, and it is difficult to directly control the crystal growth. Figure 6. Scheme of the layer-by-layer hydrothermal synthesis of multilayer HZSM-5 coatings via Figure 6. Scheme of the layer-by-layer hydrothermal synthesis of multilayer HZSM-5 coatings via surface modification process using titanium alkoxide solution. TBOT, tetra n-butyl ortho-titanate surface modification process using titanium alkoxide solution. TBOT, tetra n-butyl ortho-titanate [57]. [57]. Copyright Elsevier, 2014. Copyright Elsevier, 2014. 2.5. Other Zeolite with Special Morphology A wool-ball-like ZSM-5 (Figure 7) was prepared by a conventional hydrothermal process without adding a secondary template. It exhibited larger external surface and shorter diffusion length compared with the conventional ZSM-5 zeolite. It showed enhanced conversion rate of n-octane due to the improved diffusion of reactants. The conversion of isopropylbezene cracking over the wool-ball-like ZSM-5 was maintained at 80% even after reaction for 27 h, while that over conventional ZSM-5 decreased to 40% after 10 h [62]. Jalil et al. [63] prepared fibrous silica ZSM-5 zeolite (Figure 8) with the feature of high surface area (554 m2·g−1), a wide pore diameter (2–20 nm) and abundant strong acid sites by combining the micro-emulsion system and the zeolite crystal-seed crystallization methods. It showed high accessibility and low diffusion limitation for molecules, and excellent activity in cumene, DIPB and TIPB cracking. The cumene conversion maintained at 90% after 100 pulses, while that of the conventional ZSM-5 decreased to 50%. Hierarchical ZSM-5 fibers with macro-, meso-, and micropores were prepared by electrospinning method [64]. The macroporous structure could be regulated by controlling the rates of inner fluid during coaxial electrospinning. The synthesized hierarchical ZSM-5 hollow fibers showed higher light alkene selectivity (41.3%) and better anti-coking performance in the cracking of iso-butane. The conversion maintained at about 95% even after reaction for 60 h. Based on this hierarchical ZSM-5 hollow fibers, Ga2O3/ZSM-5 bifunctional hollow fiber catalyst was prepared and it showed enhanced catalytic activity and light alkene selectivity due to the synergistic effect of the dehydrogenation activity of Ga2O3 and cracking activity of ZSM-5. The highest yield of light olefins plus aromatics of n-butane cracking over Ga2O3/ZSM-5 reached to 87.6%, which was 56.3% higher than that over ZSM-5 [65]. Fu et al. [66] prepared two zeolites with different morphologies (nano-sphere and nano-rod crystallite aggregation) but with the same acid properties. The nano-sphere crystallite aggregate ZSM-5 zeolite showed better catalytic activity than that of nano-rod crystallite aggregate ZSM-5 zeolite, due to its higher diffusion efficiency and acid sites accessibility originated from its larger external surface and mesopore volume.PDF Image | Strategies to Enhance the Catalytic Performance of ZSM-5
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