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1.2.5 New efuels The development of new efuels raises the potential to improve existing internal combustion engines in relation to efficiency, greenhouse gas contribution and emissions. New oxygenated efuels are being developed for use in existing diesel engines, and molecules such as dimethyl ether (DME) and oxymethylene ethers (OMEx) have been developed and deployed in heavy- duty vehicles by companies such as Ford and Volvo Trucks. Reduced carbon dioxide emissions from DME/OMEx are claimed43,44, but the extent is yet to be proven as much of the data is from idealised test scenarios. DME and the lower OMEs are gaseous under ambient conditions and need to be stored under pressure in tanks for distribution and use in the vehicle. Work is ongoing to create longer chain OMEs which are liquids under ambient conditions and easier to store and use. A Life cycle assessment (LCA) study has shown that a 22% OME/fossil fuel diesel blend by volume could reduce the global warming impact of diesel by 11%45. The OME would be produced using hydrogen from electrolysis via intermittent wind energy and carbon dioxide derived from biogas. Further benefits may also be derived from simultaneous fuel/combustion system optimisation and new efuel formulations that reduce engine pollutant emissions. Ethanol is well established as a fuel or fuel blend in some countries and other alcohols are becoming popular. These include methanol produced from carbon dioxide (see Case Study 1) which has found increasing use in marine engines (eg Stena Line46), where fuel tolerance is less of an issue than in road vehicle engines. Butanol is also an interesting petrol alternative as it has a low vapour pressure, is non-corrosive47 and has an energy density between ethanol and petrol. OOO CH3 H3C C CH3 H3C DME x = 0 = OME0 = DME x = 1 = OME1 x = 2= OME2 etc H2 x OMEx 43. Deutz S et al. 2018 Cleaner production of cleaner fuels: wind-to-wheel – environmental assessment of CO2-based oxymethylene ether as a drop-in fuel. Energy and Environmental Science. 11, 331-343. (doi: 10.1039/c7ee01657c). 44. Ford. 2015 Press Release: Ford leads project to develop near zero particulate emission diesel cars that could run on converted CO2. See https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/feu/en/news/2015/09/11/ford-leads-project-to-develop- near-zero-particulate-emission-die.html (accessed 18 April 18, 2019). 45. Op. cit., note 43 46. Stena Line. 2015 Stena Germanica’s Methanol Conversion. See https://www.stenalinefreight.com/news/Methanol- project (accessed 30 April 2019). 47. Dowson GRM et al. 2015 Kinetic and economic analysis of reactive capture of dilute carbon dioxide with Grignard reagents. Faraday Discussions, 183, 47-65. (doi: 10.1039/c5fd00049a). SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFING 19 CHAPTER ONEPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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