PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 022
CHAPTER TWO Including biofuels in the energy mix reduces cumulative carbon emissions and the cost of meeting 2050 carbon objectives. Synthetic biofuels Synthetic biofuels are produced from hydrocarbons from biological sources using chemical and thermal methods. A range of processes are used to convert biomass feedstock into different synthetic biofuels, as shown in Figure 6. This report does not directly address the biological production of biofuels, but looks at the chemical processing of biomass and the further chemical processing of biologically produced fuels. For more information on the production of biofuels, see the Sustainability of liquid biofuels report by the Royal Academy of Engineering57. Including biofuels in the energy mix reduces cumulative carbon emissions and the cost of meeting 2050 carbon objectives58,59. The largest carbon savings are obtained from using second-generation feedstocks such as agricultural residues, wood wastes and other waste materials. The supply of sustainable biofuels will be limited by the availability of such feedstocks, particularly as food production may take precedent over energy in the uK and around the world. 2.1 Future of synthetic biofuels In 2017/18 1,621 million litres of biofuel were supplied in the uK (81% met sustainability requirements) and were composed mainly of bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethanol. The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) have amended the biofuels volume blend target from 4.75% to 12.4% in 203260. Policy changes like this have generated market incentives and investor confidence in uK biofuel production. Forecasts for 2032 indicate that sustainably sourced bioenergy could contribute to between 15 – 25% of the uK’s primary energy demand61,62. This would require substantial use of wastes and residues, such as straw and slurry, and would have significant associated cost and infrastructure implications63. The decision of how best to use this limited resource, will depend upon a number of factors. These include the life cycle analysis of the options, the type/location of biomass available, the carbon capture and storage capacity available (if considering bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)) and the political and environmental priorities64. These constraints suggest that synthetic biofuel production might be best employed either by combining with batteries in a hybrid vehicle, or by prioritising the use of synthetic biofuels in a difficult transport mode eg aviation, offering a lower risk and cost route to low-carbon transport65. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. Royal Academy of Engineering. Sustainability of liquid biofuels. See https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/ biofuels (accessed 30 April 2019) Energy Technologies Institute. 2018 The role for bioenergy in decarbonising the uK energy system. See https:// d2umxnkyjne36n.cloudfront.net/insightReports/FINAL-The-role-for-Bioenergy-in-decarbonising-the-uK-energy- system.pdf?mtime=20181029175142 (accessed 17 April 2019). Committee on Climate Change. 2018 Biomass in a low-carbon economy. See https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2018/11/Biomass-in-a-low-carbon-economy-CCC-2018.pdf (accessed 17 April 2019). Department for Transport. RTFP Guidance Part One Process Guidance 2019. See https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803811/rtfo-guidance-part-1-process-guidance- year-2019.pdf (accessed 17 April 2019). Renewable Energy Association. 2019 Bioenergy Strategy Phase 2: A Vision to 2032 and Beyond. See https://www. bioenergy-strategy.com/publications (accessed 17 April 2019). Welfle A, Gilbert P, Thornley P. 2014 Securing a bioenergy future without imports. Energy Policy, 68, 1-14. (doi: 10.1016/j. enpol.2013.11.079). Op. cit., note 58 Thornley P, Gilbert P, Shackley S, hammond J. 2015 Maximizing the greenhouse gas reductions from biomass: the role of life-cycle assessment. Biomass and Bioenergy, 81, 35-43. (doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.002). Chuck, CJ. 2016 Biofuels for Aviation: Feedstocks, Technology and Implementation. Academic Press. (doi: 10.1016/ C2014-0-03505-8). 22 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFINGPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
PDF Search Title:
Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transportOriginal File Name Searched:
synthetic-fuels-briefing.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |