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1.3 Research challenges The main research challenges for efuels are: a. Improving the fundamental understanding of catalysis b. Developing more efficient and lower cost electrolysis technologies for the conversion of water to low-carbon hydrogen c. Engineering and catalytic developments to make small scale conversion of syngas or other electro-derived intermediate chemicals into chemicals and fuels more commercially attractive and scale better to renewable generators eg wind farms d. Adapting to the intermittency of renewable electricity e. Developing processes that can be scaled up to the gigawatt output size f. Matching fuels to engine requirements, for example tailor made efuels from methanol to optimise engine performance 1.4 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) There are a wide range of efuel technologies and many are already commercial, for example those developed by Carbon Recycling International to produce methanol from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and renewable electricity (see Case Study 1). Technologies at small to medium scale include gas-to-liquids technologies. Technologies at the lower levels of development include electrolytic carbon dioxide conversion (perhaps TRL 4 – 6) and synthetic natural gas (TRL 5 – 8), and at very early stage research are activities such as electrophotocatalytic conversion. There is significant work going on looking at the fundamental science of efuels at TRL 1 – 3 levels in uK universities. 1.5 Timelines In the medium term (5 – 10 years), efuel processes will most likely be incorporated into existing fuel manufacturing processes to improve carbon efficiency and initially, make use of any excess renewable energy. This gradual introduction into the marketplace will be driven by the availability of renewable energy. In the longer term (10+ years), processes with highly innovative fuels are likely to appear in the marketplace; such as the new DME and OMEx fuels as drop-ins for internal combustion engines. SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFING 21 CHAPTER ONEPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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