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CHAPTER TWO 2.3 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) Synthetic biofuel production routes encompass a wide range of conversion technologies at different TRLs70. Fully commercialised routes in operation today include crop oils or waste cooking fats to biodiesel. Little innovation is needed in the processing to switch to alternative oils to feed the process. Fuels based on agricultural residues, waste food and sustainable wood (lignocellulosic) have been demonstrated to TRL 8, however full industrial production is hampered by high costs. Further from market, with innovation still required for full exploitation, are pyrolysis based fuels (TRL 7), alcohol to jet fuels (TRL 6) and hydrothermal liquefaction of wet municipal wastes and sewage (TRL 5 – 6). Direct hydrocarbon and chemical upgrading production from sugar has also been demonstrated (TRL 6), but has not been taken further than pilot scale. Alternative next generation feedstocks for these processes, including microalgae, yeast based oils and macroalgae (seaweed), remain at TRL 3 – 471. The scientific understanding of the whole systems analysis is well developed in most areas for lignocellulosic fuels. however, basic research at TRLs 1 – 3 is required to confirm the sustainability of particular biofuel systems especially when integrated with alternative product formation. 2.4 Timelines The majority of conversion technologies are constrained by relatively high costs derived from limited economies of scale and the availability and price of feedstock72. As such, a 3 – 5 year timeframe for the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks is feasible to achieve market penetration, but only given a suitable economic climate73. Similarly, the conversion of wet municipal wastes and food waste through hydrothermal liquefaction has been demonstrated at pilot scale across the world, it is likely this will start to achieve market penetration within 5 years74,75. In the medium term (5 – 10 years) it is likely that alcohol to jet, Fischer Tropsch fuels and other combined biological/chemical processes will start to appear, especially for the aviation sector. It is unrealistic to expect microalgal- derived fuel production in the uK due to the climate, although in the longer term (10+ years) macroalgal-derived fuels could become part of the uK energy mix. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. Bacovsky D, Ludwiczek N, Ognissanto M, Wörgetter M. 2013 Status of advanced biofuels demonstration facilities in 2012. See http://task39.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2013/12/2013_Bacovsky_Status-of-Advanced-Biofuels-Demonstration- Facilities-in-2012.pdf (accessed 15 May 2019). Laurens LML. 2017 State of technology review–algae bioenergy, an IEA bioenergy inter-task strategic project. See http://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/IEA-Bioenergy-Algae-report-update-20170114.pdf (accessed 15 May 2019). Karatzos S, McMillian JD, Saddler JN. 2014 The potential and challenges of drop-in biofuels. See http://task39.sites.olt. ubc.ca/files/2014/01/Task-39-Drop-in-Biofuels-Report-FINAL-2-Oct-2014-ecopy.pdf (accessed 15 May 2019). Biomass Technology Group. Technologies: Fast pyrolysis. See http://www.btgworld.com/en/rtd/technologies/fast- pyrolysis (accessed 25 June 2019). Tews IJ et al. 2014 Biomass direct liquefaction options – technoeconomic and life cycle assessment. See https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1184983-biomass-direct-liquefaction-options-technoeconomic-life-cycle-assessment (accessed 18 April 2019). Aarhus university. Department of Engineering Research: hTL Pilot Plant. See https://eng.au.dk/en/research/laboratory- facilities/htl-pilot-plant/ (accessed 25 June 2019). 26 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFINGPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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