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CHAPTER THREE 3.3 Efficiency and input energy needs Figure 12 shows the comparative overall energy efficiency of powering a vehicle from renewable electricity using an electric motor, a fuel cell and electric motor and an internal combustion engine103,104. The losses are due to energy transmission and conversion (eg from electrical energy to chemical energy). It is clear that power-to-efuel diesel offers much lower efficiencies due to energy losses in electrolysis, synthesis and in the internal combustion engine105. This inefficiency means that around five times more sustainable electricity would need to be generated to make the efuel diesel to move a vehicle, than is needed to move the same vehicle using an electric motor. This is why battery electric vehicles are likely to become predominant where sufficient electricity can be stored and used. Synthetic efuels and biofuels will be more competitive in transport modes where electricity or other alternatives cannot be used easily, especially if the inefficiencies can be addressed through research and development. 3.4 Potential for production at scale The many process steps required for the production of both biofuels and efuels are well established at scale within the chemical industry. Similar conversion technologies are used in a number of commercial gas-to-liquid plants to produce low sulphur diesel from natural gas or coal. Examples include Sasol’s Secunda coal-to-liquid plant in South Africa, which produces around 160,000 barrels/ day (~7.9 million tonnes/year)106. Gas-to-liquid plants include Shell’s Pearl GTL in Qatar, which produces around 120,000 barrels/day (~5.9 million tonnes/year)107. Such plants would require substantial modification to make efuels. Dimethyl ether (DME) is manufactured at large scale today, both as a fuel product, but also as an intermediate chemical. Oxymethylene ether (OME) manufacture has yet to be widely demonstrated at commercial scale; with only two units greater than 100,000 tonnes/year (~1,200 barrels of oil equivalent/day) having been constructed thus far108 as the chemistry is complex109. The scale up of synthetic biofuels production is limited by the availability of feedstock in sufficient quantity and by gasifier scale up. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. Op. cit., note 78 Shell Fisita. 2018 Options for Future Fuels – Technical Webinar. Op. cit., note 11 Sasol. Secunda Synfuels operations: Overview. See https://www.sasol.com/about-sasol/regional-operating-hubs/ southern-africa-operations/secunda-synfuels-operations/overview (accessed 02 May 2019). Shell Global. Pearl GTL – Overview. See https://www.shell.com/about-us/major-projects/pearl-gtl/pearl-gtl-an- overview.html (accessed 02 May 2019). hackbarth K, haltenort P, Arnold u, Sauer J. 2018 Recent Progress in the Production, Application and Evaluation of Oxymethylene Ethers. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 90, 1520–1528. (doi: 10.1002/cite.201800068). Breitkreuz CF et al. 2018 Design of a Production Process for Poly(oxymethylene) Dimethyl Ethers from Dimethyl Ether and Trioxane. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 90,1489–1496. (doi: 10.1002/cite.201800038). 36 SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFINGPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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