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Conclusion • Synthetic biofuels and efuels offer a medium (5 to 10 years) and a long term (10+ years), transition pathway to decarbonisation by reducing fossil fuel use in transport modes such as shipping, aviation and heavy-duty vehicles. • A wide range of fuels can be produced, from drop-in replacement fuels to fuels designed to reduce pollution. The chemistry to produce the fuels uses established processes that could be scaled up to meet demand. • The production of low-cost synthetic efuels at scale will depend upon the availability of low-cost sustainable electricity to produce low-carbon hydrogen amongst other factors such as development of the supply chain. It is likely that efuels will be produced and exported from countries with an abundance of renewable wind, tide or solar energy sources. • Synthetic biofuels are already produced in volume and widely blended with fossil fuels. Production is limited only by economics and biomass availability. Further research would increase yields and enable a wider range of non-food biogenic materials to be used. • Synthetic efuels and synthetic biofuels are currently more expensive than conventional fossil fuels. Prices are likely to fall over time as processes are optimised and volumes increased, however policy and regulatory intervention will be needed to ensure earlier adoption and deployment. Early introduction is likely to be as a blend with fossil fuels to reduce the carbon footprint of fossil-based fuels and allow for the development of production at scale. • Further work needs to be carried out on the of life cycle assessment of biofuels and efuels to ensure that the carbon footprint is smaller than that of fossil fuels. Further research will also need to be carried out to improve process efficiencies, yields and electrolyser capital costs. • The solutions for decarbonising transport modes will need to be applied internationally to ensure adoption eg for aviation fuel. • The uK has expertise in many aspects of efuel and biofuel research and development, including in electrolysis and catalysis. • It is likely that in the next 5 – 10 years, synthetic fuels will be incorporated within existing fossil fuel manufacture to improve carbon efficiency and make use of variable renewable energy production. In the long term (10+ years), it is possible that highly innovative efuels will appear in the marketplace. • Efuels also offer an option for long term energy storage in the form of liquids for uses other than transport. SuSTAINABLE SYNThETIC CARBON BASED FuELS FOR TRANSPORT – POLICY BRIEFING 39 conclusionPDF Image | Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport
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