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The Future of Hydrogen Table of contents Table of contents Executive summary...................................................................................................................................... 13 The IEA’s 7 key recommendations to scale up hydrogen........................................................................................ 16 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 17 2019: A moment of unprecedented momentum for hydrogen............................................................................... 18 There are multiple mutually reinforcing reasons why this time around might well be different for hydrogen ......... 22 The crucial role for governments .......................................................................................................................... 30 Hydrogen and energy: A primer ............................................................................................................................ 31 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products ........................................................................ 37 Production of hydrogen today .............................................................................................................................. 38 Hydrogen from natural gas ................................................................................................................................... 39 Hydrogen from water and electricity.....................................................................................................................42 Hydrogen from coal..............................................................................................................................................49 Hydrogen from biomass ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Comparison between alternative hydrogen production pathways ......................................................................... 52 Converting hydrogen to hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks that are easier to store, transport and use ............. 55 References ...........................................................................................................................................................64 Chapter 3: Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen........................................................................67 Hydrogen storage.................................................................................................................................................69 Hydrogen transmission and distribution ............................................................................................................... 70 Total cost of delivering and storing hydrogen ....................................................................................................... 81 References ...........................................................................................................................................................85 Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen ......................................................................... 89 Hydrogen in oil refining ........................................................................................................................................ 91 Hydrogen in the chemical sector...........................................................................................................................99 Hydrogen in iron and steel production ................................................................................................................ 108 Hydrogen for high-temperature heat.................................................................................................................. 116 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 120 Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power ....................................................... 123 Hydrogen as a basis for clean transport fuels ...................................................................................................... 124 Hydrogen as a fuel for heat in buildings .............................................................................................................. 144 Hydrogen for power generation and electricity storage....................................................................................... 150 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 160 Chapter 6: Policies to boost momentum in key value chains .......................................................................... 167 Key findings from IEA analysis ............................................................................................................................ 168 Near-term opportunities......................................................................................................................................171 1. Coastal industrial clusters: Gateways to building clean hydrogen hubs .............................................................177 2. Existing gas infrastructure: Tapping into dependable demand......................................................................... 182 3. Fleets, freight and corridors: Make fuel cell vehicles more competitive ............................................................ 185 4. The first shipping routes: Kick-start international hydrogen trade ................................................................... 188 Next steps................................................................................................................................................. 193 What next for analysts? ...................................................................................................................................... 193 What next for governments and industry? .......................................................................................................... 194 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 194 Abbreviations and acronyms....................................................................................................................... 197 PAGE | 8 IEA. 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