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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 1: Introduction Figure 4. 25 20 15 10 5 Around 11 200 hydrogen-powered cars are already on the road globally, and drivers can choose from several vehicles on the market. Due to the specific advantages of hydrogen in warehouse use, over 20 000 hydrogen forklift trucks are in use. When the IEA published its Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in 2015, the first commercially available FCEV powered by hydrogen had only recently been launched, and there were just 80 refuelling stations (IEA, 2015). Now there are 381 hydrogen refuelling stations in operation (AFC TCP, 2018). Around 275 000 fuel cell co-generation systems, fed with natural gas, have now been installed in Japan, and fuel cell costs are reported to be around one-third of their 2015 level (a tenth of their 2005 level). Fuel cell durability is up to 10 000 hours, and stationary fuel cells running 80 000 hours have been reported. There has been a surge in projects for producing hydrogen for energy and climate purposes in recent years. Since 2000 around 230 projects have entered operation around the world to convert electrical energy to hydrogen for a range of energy and climate applications (Figure 4). The capital costs of the water electrolysers commissioned in 2017 and 2018 represent investment of around USD 20–30 million per year, and associated investments in storage tanks, refuelling infrastructure, pipework and other equipment push total project investment even higher. Among these projects, both alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers are commonly used: recent projects have tended to favour PEM, possibly reflecting the fact that many of them test environments for less mature technologies that have high potential for cost reduction. Solid oxide electrolyser cells, which promise higher efficiencies, are also beginning to enter this market. To date, electrolyser sizes for these installed projects have been no higher than 10 megawatts (MWe) (with modules of 2–4 MWe), and generally much smaller. However, a 20 MWe project is currently under construction and several project proposals are above the 100 MWe milestone. A number of the projects have demonstrated the further conversion of hydrogen to synthetic methane, methanol, ammonia and other hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks. Capacity of new projects for hydrogen production for energy and climate purposes, by technology and start date Electrolytic hydrogen Fossil fuels with CO2 capture 1 000 800 600 400 200 00 Industrial feedstocks Vehicles Gas grid injections Electricity storage Heat Sources: IEA analysis based on Chehade et al. (2019), “Review and analysis of demonstration projects on Power-to-X pathways in the world”, IEA (2018), World Energy Investment, and the World Energy Council (2018), “Hydrogen an enabler of the Grand Transition” and data provided by IEA Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme. Since 2000 nine facilities have begun capturing the CO2 from fossil fuel-based hydrogen production for industrial applications, although the next such projects are not expected to start for several years. During this period turbines have also been developed to burn 100% hydrogen PAGE | 26 IEA. All rights reserved. 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 MW H2 output MW H2 outputPDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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