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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products Figure 7. less frequently – from liquefied petroleum gas and naphtha. Partial oxidation is used to extract hydrogen from heavy fuel oil and coal. In all cases, a synthesis gas mostly made of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is formed, then converted to hydrogen and CO2 if pure hydrogen is the main product. Other processes include gasification (where the raw material, such as coal or biomass, is converted into a synthesis gas that is then transformed into hydrogen and CO2) and electrolysis (where hydrogen is produced by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen). Though known for a long time, electrolysis plays only a minor role in total hydrogen production today, mostly in the chlor-alkali industry where hydrogen is a by-product. Potential pathways for producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products Notes: N2 = nitrogen. The dotted lines represent the flow of hydrogen-containing synthesis gas (mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) from hydrocarbon fuels for further conversion into other synthetic hydrocarbons, such as coal-to-liquids or gas-to-liquids. Though not discussed in this chapter, this direct conversion route of hydrocarbons via synthesis gas into other synthetic hydrocarbons is likely more favourable in terms of emissions (especially when coupled with CCUS) or costs compared with producing pure hydrogen from hydrocarbons first and then combining this hydrogen again with CO2 for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons, particularly if the CO2 input is of fossil origin. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Various options exist to produce hydrogen, with SMR, coal gasification and water electrolysis being the prevalent ones today. Hydrogen from natural gas SMR is the most widespread technology for hydrogen production from natural gas at large scale, though ATR is also in use. Natural gas in SMR is both a fuel and a feedstock (together with water). Typically 30–40% of it is combusted to fuel the process, giving rise to a “diluted” CO2 stream, while the rest of it is split by the process into hydrogen and more concentrated “process” CO2. SMR is likely to remain the dominant technology for large-scale hydrogen production in the near term because of its favourable economics and the large number of SMR units in operation today. Technology options for low-carbon hydrogen CCUS can be applied both to SMR and ATR hydrogen production. Using CCUS with SMR plants can lead to a reduction in carbon emissions of up to 90%, if applied to both process and energy emission streams. Several SMR-CCUS plants are already operational today, producing around PAGE | 39 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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