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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 3: Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen investigated for commercial use with pure hydrogen, many aquifers would also incur exploration and development costs. The feasibility and cost of storing hydrogen in depleted reservoirs and aquifers have still to be proven. If they could overcome the challenges and establish themselves as viable, both would be options to provide storage on the scale required for seasonal hydrogen storage, especially in locations without access to salt caverns. Although geological storage offers the best prospects for long-term and large-scale storage, the geographical distribution, large size and minimum pressure requirements of sites make them much less suitable for short-term and smaller-scale storage. For these applications, tanks are the most promising option. Storage tanks Tanks storing compressed or liquefied hydrogen have high discharge rates and efficiencies of around 99%, making them appropriate for smaller-scale applications where a local stock of fuel or feedstock needs to be readily available. Compressed hydrogen (at 700 bar pressure) has only 15% of the energy density of gasoline, so storing the equivalent amount of energy at a vehicle refuelling station would require nearly seven times the space. Ammonia has a greater energy density and so would reduce the need for such large tanks, but these advantages have to be weighed against the energy losses and equipment for conversion and reconversion when end uses require pure hydrogen (see below). When it comes to vehicles rather than filling stations, compressed hydrogen tanks have a higher energy density than lithium-ion batteries, and so enable a greater range in cars or trucks than is possible with battery electric vehicles. Research is continuing with the aim of finding ways to reduce the size of the tanks, which would be especially useful in densely populated areas. This includes looking at the scope for underground tanks that can tolerate 800 bar pressure and so enable greater compression of hydrogen. Hydrogen storage in solid-state materials such as metal and chemical hydrides is at an early stage of development, but could potentially enable even greater densities of hydrogen to be stored at atmospheric pressure. Hydrogen transmission and distribution The low energy density of hydrogen means that it can be very expensive to transport over long distances. Nonetheless, a number of possible options are available to overcome this hurdle, including compression, liquefaction or incorporation of the hydrogen into larger molecules that can be more readily transported as liquids. In many countries there is an extensive existing natural gas pipeline network that could be used to transport and distribute hydrogen. New infrastructure could also be developed, with dedicated pipeline and shipping networks potentially allowing large-scale overseas hydrogen transport. Each possible option has a variety of advantages and disadvantages, and the cheapest choice will vary according to geography, distance, scale and the required end use of the hydrogen. This section discusses the opportunities and issues related to each of the main transmission and distribution options. Blending hydrogen in existing natural gas grids Developing a new hydrogen value chain would be contingent upon successfully completing and connecting production, transmission, distribution, storage and end-use infrastructure. This would require co-ordinated investment by many different market participants, which could be PAGE | 70 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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