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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 3: Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen pipelines are to be built. Existing high-pressure natural gas transmission pipes could be converted to deliver pure hydrogen in the future if they are no longer used for natural gas, but their suitability must be assessed on a case-by-case basis and will depend on the type of steel used in the pipeline and the purity of hydrogen being transported (NREL, 2013).20 Recent studies in the Netherlands have suggested that the existing natural gas network could be used to transmit hydrogen with small modifications (Netbeheer Nederland, 2018; DNV GL, 2017). The main challenge is that three times more volume is needed to supply the same amount of energy as natural gas. Additional transmission and storage capacity across the network might therefore be required, depending on the extent of the growth of hydrogen. Ammonia is often transported by pipeline, and new pipelines for ammonia would be cheaper than new pipelines for pure hydrogen. Ammonia pipelines in the United States currently feed hundreds of retail points and total 4 830 km in length. In Eastern Europe the 2 400 km Odessa line pumps ammonia from Russia to fertiliser and chemical plants as far as Ukraine. LOHCs are similar to crude oil and diesel, and so could use existing oil pipelines. However, the need to transfer the hydrogen carrier back to its place of origin to be re-loaded with hydrogen, either by truck or a parallel pipeline operating in the opposite direction, makes this a complicated and expensive method of transport. Shipping Imported hydrogen offers scope for countries to diversify their energy imports, and one result of this is significant interest in using ships to transport hydrogen. There are currently no ships that can transport pure hydrogen. Such ships would be broadly similar to LNG ships and would require the hydrogen to be liquefied prior to transport. While both the ships and the liquefaction process would entail significant cost, a number of projects are actively looking to develop suitable ships. The expectation is that these ships will be powered by hydrogen that boils off during the journey (around 0.2% of the cargo would likely be consumed per day, similar to the amount of natural gas consumed in LNG carriers). Unless a high-value liquid can be transported in the opposite direction in the same vessel, ships would need to return empty. Among hydrogen carriers, the most developed in terms of intercontinental transmission is s from the Arabian Gulf and Trinidad and Tobago to Europe and North America. LOHCs would be the easiest form in which to transport hydrogen by ship, because In all cases, shipping supply chains require the necessary infrastructure, including storage tanks, liquefaction and regasification plants, and conversion and reconversion plants, to be built at the loading and receiving terminals as appropriate. 20 The purity of the H2 is critical; very pure hydrogen is much more aggressive than 99.5% pure hydrogen, which can be used in hydrogen boilers in homes. ammonia, which relies on chemical and emi-refrigerated liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tankers. Trade routes today include transport oil product tankers could be used, although the cost of conversion and then reconversion back to hydrogen before use would also need to be taken into consideration. Ships would also need to return with the original carrier, adding to the complexity of supply routes. PAGE | 77 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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