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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 3: Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen Total cost of delivering and storing hydrogen The full cost of hydrogen delivery to end users must take into account all possible stages of the supply chain. The different hydrogen carriers and modes of transport have very different conversion, transmission, distribution, storage and reconversion costs. While one option may be cheaper for a specific part of the value chain, this may be offset by higher costs in another part of the chain. The various technologies involved are also at different degrees of maturity and so have very different future cost reduction potentials. There may be scope for synergies between energy, heat and storage requirements. For example, if the specific value chain in question has higher energy requirements at the export terminal than at the import terminal (e.g. liquid hydrogen), this could improve the relative cost and emission dynamics compared with the reverse case (e.g. LOHCs). The overall cost of delivering hydrogen will vary according to the infrastructure available in the exporting and importing countries, transmission and distribution distances, the method of transport, and end-use demand. Despite the many uncertainties around most of these cost components, IEA analysis suggests that for inland transmission and distribution, hydrogen gas is the cheaper option for distances below around 3 500 km (Figure 29). Above this distance, ammonia pipelines would be the cheaper option. Comparing transport using pipelines and ships, transmission and distribution of hydrogen gas by pipeline is cheaper for distances below around 1 500 km. Above this distance, LOHC and ammonia transport by ship, which are broadly similar in terms of their full costs, become the cheaper delivery options. The transport and use of ammonia or some LOHCs may, however, give rise to potential safety and public acceptance issues, which could limit their application in some situations. Figure 29. Full cost of hydrogen delivery to the industrial sector by pipeline or by ship in 2030 for different transmission distances Pipeline 88 66 44 22 00 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 0 km Hydrogen LOHC Ship Notes: Hydrogen production cost = USD 3/kgH2; assumes distribution of 100 tpd in a pipeline to an end-use site 50 km from the receiving terminal. More information on the assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Delivering hydrogen to the industrial sector is cheaper by pipeline for transmission distances below 1 500 km; above this distance LOHC and ammonia are cheaper options. 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 km Ammonia PAGE | 81 IEA. All rights reserved. USD/kgH2 USD/kgH2PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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