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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen Sector Current hydrogen role 2030 hydrogen demand Long-term demand Low-carbon hydrogen supply Opportunities Challenges Iron and steel production 7% of primary steel production takes place via the direct reduction of iron (DRI) route, which requires hydrogen. The blast furnace route produces by- product hydrogen as a mixture of gases, which are often used on site. A doubling under existing policies as the DRI route is used more, relative to the currently dominant blast furnace route. Steel demand keeps rising, even after accounting for increased materials efficiency. 100% hydrogen-based production could dramatically increase demand for low-carbon hydrogen in the long term. Retrofit DRI facilities with CCUS. Around 30% of natural gas can be substituted for electrolytic hydrogen in the current DRI route. Fully convert steel plants to utilise hydrogen as the key reducing agent. All options require higher production costs and/or changes to processes. Direct applications of CCUS are usually projected to have lower costs, although these are highly uncertain. Long- term competition from direct electrification. High- temperature heat (excluding chemicals and iron and steel) Virtually no dedicated hydrogen production for generating heat. Some limited use of hydrogen- containing off- gases from the iron and steel and chemical sectors. 9% increase in high- temperature heat demand under existing policies. No additional hydrogen use without significant policy support. Heat demand likely to rise further, providing an opportunity for hydrogen if it can compete on cost in the prevailing policy environment. Hydrogen from any source could replace natural gas, e.g. in industrial clusters or near hydrogen pipelines. Blends with natural gas are more straightforward but less environmentally beneficial. Hydrogen expected to compete poorly with biomass and direct CCUS in general, but may prove competitive with direct electrification. Full fuel switches, or CCUS, tend to entail significant investment. Hydrogen in oil refining Oil refining – turning crude oil into various end-user products such as transport fuels and petrochemical feedstock – is one of the largest users of hydrogen today. Some 38 MtH2/yr, or 33% of the total global demand for hydrogen (in both pure and mixed forms), is consumed by refineries as feedstock, reagent and energy source. Around two-thirds of this hydrogen is produced in dedicated facilities at refineries or acquired from merchant suppliers (together called “on-purpose” supply). Hydrogen use is responsible for around 20% of total refinery emissions, and produces around 230MtCO2/yr. Refineries’ existing large-scale demand for hydrogen is set to grow as regulations for sulphur content of oil products tighten. This provides a potential early market for hydrogen from cleaner pathways, which could lower the emissions intensity of transport fuels. PAGE | 91 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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