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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen How does the refining sector use hydrogen today? Hydrotreatment and hydrocracking are the main hydrogen-consuming processes in the refinery. Hydrotreatment is used to remove impurities, especially sulphur (it is often simply referred to as desulphurisation)23 and accounts for a large share of refinery hydrogen use globally. Today refineries remove around 70% of naturally incurring sulphur from crude oils. With concerns about air quality increasing, there is growing regulatory pressure to further lower the sulphur content in final products. By 2020 40% less sulphur will be allowed in refined products than in 2005 despite the continued growth in demand (Figure 33). Figure 33. 25 20 15 10 5 2005 2007 Allowed sulphur content in oil products 110 100 90 80 70 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Allowed sulphur content in refined products Note: mb/d = million barrels per day. Source: IEA (2018a), World Energy Outlook 2018. Oil demand (right axis) The quantity of allowed sulphur in refined products continues to decrease, while oil demand continues to increase. Hydrocracking is a process that uses hydrogen to upgrade heavy residual oils into higher-value oil products. Demand for light and middle distillate products is growing and demand for heavy residual oil is declining, leading to an increase in the use of hydrocracking. In addition to hydrotreatment and hydrocracking, some hydrogen that is used or produced by refineries cannot be economically recovered and is burned as fuel as part of a mixture of waste gases. The United States, the People’s Republic of China (“China”) and Europe are the largest consumers of hydrogen in refineries. The three regions represent around half of total refinery hydrogen consumption, reflecting the volume of crude oil they process and the stringency of their product quality standards. Hydrogen is also used for upgrading oil sands and hydrotreating biofuels. For oil sands, the amount of hydrogen needed to remove sulphur from the raw bitumen varies considerably depending on the upgrading technology and the quality of the synthetic crude oil produced. 23 It also treats other chemical components – nitrogen- and oxygen-containing compounds or metals – that are unfavourable to fuel quality and/or refining equipment, such as catalysts. PAGE | 92 IEA. All rights reserved. Million tonnes per year mb/dPDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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