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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen Overall around 10 kg of hydrogen is used per tonne of bitumen processed.24 The resulting synthetic crude oil still needs to be refined at a refinery, using hydrogen. For biofuels, hydrotreatment removes oxygen and improves the fuel quality of vegetable oils and animal fats processed into diesel substitutes. This process requires around 38 kg of hydrogen per tonne of biodiesel produced, but no further hydrogen is needed in subsequent refining steps. Sources and costs of hydrogen for refinery use Globally, refinery hydrogen demand is met through the use of on-site by-products, dedicated on-site production, or merchant supply (Figure 34). On-site by-product hydrogen comes largely from catalytic naphtha reforming, a process that produces high-octane gasoline blending components and generates hydrogen at the same time. Refineries with integrated petrochemical operations also derive by-product hydrogen from steam cracking. However, on-site by-product hydrogen is unable to fully cover refinery hydrogen demand, except in small refineries running on very low sulphur crude oils and with relatively low yields of road transport fuels. On average, on-site by-product hydrogen meets one-third of refinery hydrogen demand. The gap needs to be met, either by dedicated on-site production (about 40% globally) or procurement from merchant suppliers (around a quarter). Figure 34. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Sources of hydrogen supply for refineries in selected regions, 2018 World Refinery by-product On-site SMR Europe Merchant supply China On-site coal United States Notes: SMR = steam methane reformer. For China, refinery by-product also includes hydrogen produced from refinery-integrated crackers. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Refinery hydrogen by-product covers only a third of hydrogen requirements, with the gap filled by dedicated on-site production and merchant supply. Most dedicated on-site production uses natural gas feedstock, but light fractions of oil distillation and heavier feedstocks – petroleum coke, vacuum residues and coal – are also used in some regions. Use of heavier feedstocks is mostly restricted to India and China, where 24 Around 0.6 MtH2/yr is used to process 1 mb/d of bitumen. PAGE | 93 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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