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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen (VärmlandsMetanol AB, 2017). The process will use similar equipment to coal-based methanol production, currently widespread in China and being investigated as a prospect for substituting natural gas consumption in India (ET Energy World, 2018). Methanol is also being produced from biogas by BioMCN in the Netherlands (BioMCN, 2019) and from municipal solid waste in Canada (Enerkem, 2019). The Carbon2Chem, Steelanol and Vulcanol projects in Europe, and a Mitsui Chemicals project in Japan, seek to make use of the CO2 (and CO) from steel production and power generation to produce methanol, among other chemicals. Sources: Brown (2019), “Ammonia plant revamp to decarbonize: Yara Sluiskil”; ENGIE (2019), “ENGIE and YARA take green hydrogen into the factory”; German Government (2018), “’Green’ hydrogen beckons for Chilean industry”; Fraunhofer IMWS (2018), “Fraunhofer IMWS and OCP Group sign Memorandum of Understanding”; Schmuecker Pinehurst Farm LLC (2017), Carbon Emission Free Renewable Energy; VärmlandsMetanol AB (2017), “In short about VärmlandsMetanol Ltd”; ET Energy World (2018), “Task force to study feasibility of making methanol from coal”; BioMCN (2019), “BioMCN produces methanol and bio-methanol”; Enerkem (2019), “Enerkem enables the chemical industry to achieve sustainability by recycling carbon from garbage”. Using biomass for ammonia and methanol production looks significantly less cost-competitive than the other options (Figure 41), so the focus in the analysis in this section is on the use of natural gas with CCUS and on the use of electrolytic hydrogen. Meeting future ammonia and methanol demand entirely from these cleaner pathways would considerably increase demand for energy inputs to the chemical sector (Figure 40). If future demand in a Paris-compatible pathway were to be met entirely with hydrogen produced from natural gas with CCUS, around 320 bcm of natural gas would be required by 2030, nearly half of which would be used as feedstock. This is around 10% of global natural gas demand today. Around 450 MtCO2/yr would need to be captured, although around one-third of this could be used to produce urea. The largest carbon capture installations today are in the region of 1 MtCO2/yr. Capturing 450 MtCO2/yr by 2030 would require around 450 new projects of this size to be operational by this date, with a build rate of around 4 new projects per month between now and 2030. If future demand were to be met entirely from low-carbon electrolytic hydrogen, this would require around 3 020 terawatt hours per year (TWh/yr) of additional electricity by 2030, equivalent to around 11% of today’s global electricity generation. It would also require 350– 450 GW of electrolyser capacity, depending on efficiency levels and capacity factors. The largest individual electrolysers currently under development are at the 100+ MW scale, meaning that 3 500–4 000 such installations would need to be constructed by 2030, or 6–7 per week between 2018 and 2030. Around 0.6 billion cubic metres per year (bcm/yr) of water would also be needed as feedstock for the electrolysers, which is around 1% of total water consumption in the energy sector today. Some 0.5 gigatonnes per year (Gt/yr) of oxygen would be produced as a by-product, which could be used in other industrial processes. The electrolysis pathway would use some CO2 for the manufacture of urea (CH4N2O) and methanol (CH3OH).30 To avoid fossil fuel use in methanol synthesis altogether in 2030, 200 MtCO2/yr (or the equivalent amount of carbon monoxide, if available) would need to be 30 In the case of urea, this embedding of CO2 is only temporary, as it is re-released as the urea decomposes during application in the agricultural sector. For methanol the sequestering of the CO2 could theoretically be permanent, although many methanol applications today involve the carbon in methanol (and its chemical derivatives) being oxidised back to CO2 and released. PAGE | 104 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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