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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen sourced and captured from biogenic (e.g. biomass gasification) or atmospheric (e.g. direct air capture) sources. A further 170 MtCO2/yr or equivalent would be required for urea. In the absence of an economic source of biogenic or atmospheric CO2, it would still be beneficial to capture and utilise CO2 streams from unabated stationary point sources of CO2 (e.g. steel and cement production). These are likely to remain much cheaper in the short to medium term. However, the total emissions avoided would be much lower unless that CO2 would otherwise unavoidably have been emitted (Chapter2). Geographically matching locations of low-cost renewable electricity, water availability and persistent CO2 sources that are not prohibitively expensive presents a significant challenge. Figure 40. The implications of cleaner process routes for methanol and ammonia production Notes: NG = natural gas; w/ = with. Best practice energy performance used for 2030 natural gas estimates. 2030 electrolyser efficiency = 69% on an LHV basis. Demand figures for 2030 are consistent with those of the Clean Technology Scenario (IEA, 2018a), a scenario in which the goals of the Paris Agreement are achieved, including the implementation of materials efficiency strategies. Bubbles denoting energy and hydrogen requirements are sized on an LHV energy content basis. The hydrogen and energy quantities are equivalent, and not additive. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Satisfying the entire demand for ammonia and methanol through low-carbon production would require 323 bcm of natural gas paired with CCUS, or 3 020 TWh/yr of renewable electricity by 2030. Cost competitiveness of cleaner pathways Cleaner ways of producing ammonia and methanol have higher costs than those that are commercially available today. Production costs vary widely, however, between regions, depending on the costs of in each region of natural gas, coal, biomass and electricity (Figure 41). 2018 2030 Energy and hydrogen requirements for ammonia and methanol production 649 Mt/yr 824 Mt/yr Coal Gas (Mtoe) (bcm) 53 171 Electricity Hydrogen (TWh) (Mt) Current technology 132 85 44 NG w/CCUS 323 Electrolysis 56 3 020 56 PAGE | 105 IEA. All rights reserved. Methanol 142PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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