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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen Figure 41. 2000 1500 1000 Costs and CO2 intensities for greenfield ammonia and methanol production in 2018 Ammonia 4 3 2 1 CCUS costs Feedstock Fuel OPEX CAPEX Net direct CO2 intensity 500 00 NG Coal Unabated Methanol NG Coal w/CCUS w/CCUS With conc. capture NG Coal w/CCUS w/CCUS With total capture Electrolysis Biomass No net direct emissions 1600 1200 3 800 2 400 1 00 4 Range NG Coal Unabated NG Coal w/CCUS w/CCUS With total capture Electrolysis Biomass No net direct emissions Notes: conc. = concentrated; t = tonne. CCUS costs includes the costs of capturing, transporting and storing CO2. Range refers to the range of total levelised costs across regions, with the lower end of the range (the best case for each technology) disaggregated for each technology. It is assumed that the electrolysis route is supplied with 100% renewable electricity, and the source of the biomass in the relevant routes is sustainably procured with no net CO2 emissions. With total capture describes an arrangement where both process- and energy-related emissions are captured, whereas With conc. capture describes an arrangement where only process emissions are captured. More information on the assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Low-carbon ammonia and methanol production today is significantly more expensive than production using unabated fossil fuels. In locations with the lowest cost renewable electricity (for example in Chile, Morocco and China), electrolytic hydrogen would be close to being competitive in cost terms with natural gas and coal for ammonia and methanol production, even if they did not use CCUS. While these locations are some way from today’s centres of demand for these products, they might attract future inward investment, although additional costs for buffer storage and other strategies for coping with the intermittency of variable renewables could raise the costs above those shown in Figure 41. Transporting renewable electricity to the main demand centres is another option, but would also involve additional costs (Box 4 in Chapter 2). Much of the technology and equipment required for the cleaner pathways in the chemical sector is already in widespread use across the industry, including the pumps, compressors and separation units required for CO2 capture. Electrolysers have been constructed at scales above 100 MW in the past, and significant efforts are being made to bring down their costs further PAGE | 106 IEA. All rights reserved. Levelised cost (USD/t) Levelised cost (USD/t) Direct CO2 intensity (tCO2/t) Direct CO2 intensity (tCO2/t)PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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