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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen required in the short to medium term if low-carbon forms of production are to take off. Policy measures could stimulate demand for low-carbon hydrogen in the chemical sector and thus stimulate investment in a cleaner supply of hydrogen. These measures could include the use of certificates, public procurement or portfolio standards to create market value for chemicals produced via low-carbon process routes. In the case of methanol produced as a fuel or fuel additive, this could include the use of fuel specifications or fuel standards (Box 8). Governments could also use standards to support ammonia produced with lower CO2 intensity. In the near term, initial projects that take on value chain and market risks to invest in CCUS or electrolysis hydrogen for chemical production are likely to need some direct government support. The support should be aimed at managing these risks and extending the benefits of cost sharing to other facilities in industrial clusters. Hydrogen in iron and steel production DRI is a method for producing steel from iron ore. This process constitutes the fourth-largest single source of hydrogen demand today (4 MtH2/yr, or around 3% of total hydrogen used in both pure and mixed forms), after oil refining, ammonia and methanol. Based on current trends, global steel demand is set to increase by around 6% by 2030, with demand for infrastructure and a growing population in developing regions compensating for declines elsewhere. Like the chemical sector, the iron and steel sector produces a large quantity of hydrogen mixed with other gases as a by-product (e.g. coke oven gas), some of which is consumed within the sector and some of which is distributed for use elsewhere. Virtually all of this hydrogen is generated from coal and other fossil fuels. To reduce emissions, efforts are underway to test steel production using hydrogen as the key reduction agent (as opposed to carbon monoxide derived from fossil fuels), with the first commercial-scale designs expected in the 2030s. In the meantime, low-carbon hydrogen could be blended into existing processes that are currently based on natural gas and coal to lower their overall CO2 intensity. How does the iron and steel sector use hydrogen today? More than three-quarters of global steel demand today is met using primary production methods that convert iron ore to steel, as opposed to the secondary production route, which utilises limited supplies of recycled scrap steel (Figure 43).32 The two main primary production routes already involve some production and consumption of hydrogen. The blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route accounts for about 90% of primary steel production globally. It produces hydrogen as a by-product of coal use. This hydrogen, contained in so-called “works-arising gases” (WAG), is produced in a mixture with other gases such as carbon monoxide.33 WAG is used for various purposes on site, but also transferred for use in other sectors including power generation and, in China, methanol production. The portion utilised within the iron and steel sector is estimated at 9 MtH2/yr today, or around 20% of the global use of hydrogen in mixed forms (i.e. not as pure hydrogen). 32 The remaining demand is met by re-melting steel scrap in an electric arc furnace (EAF). Besides the BF-BOF and DRI-EAF routes, there are other routes currently used for primary steel production, such as the smelt reduction process (in combination with a BOF) and the outdated open hearth furnace route. Together these other routes account for around 1% of primary production. 33 Coke oven gas typically contains in the range of 39% to 65% hydrogen by volume, whereas blast furnace gas contains in the range of 1% to 5% (European Commission, 2000). BOF gas is another component of WAG, containing 2% to 10% hydrogen by volume. PAGE | 108 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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