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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen certain practical difficulties (Box 11). For example, low-carbon hydrogen has the potential to help decarbonise the more geographically fragmented portions of industrial high-temperature heat demand where direct application of CCUS may prove impractical. Hydrogen, either via pipeline or using small-scale on-site electrolysis, could form a low-carbon energy supply to these “hard-to-reach” segments of industry. Its potential role may also grow if the supply of sustainable bioenergy is limited in the future; bioenergy is also likely to be in demand in other end-use sectors such as aviation. Box 11. General challenges facing the use of hydrogen for heat in industry Pure hydrogen cannot simply replace coal or natural gas in many industry sectors, owing to the diversity and specific nature of the energy conversion devices (such as kilns, furnaces, boilers, reactors) that those sectors use. In the cement industry, for example, several factors would require changes to equipment and practices, adding to the total costs of conversion: Hydrogen has a high combustion velocity relative to carbon-containing fuels, and a non- luminous flame, which makes it difficult to monitor optically. These challenges can be partially overcome by using hydrogen/ammonia mixes, as ammonia burns at a much lower velocity and with a visible flame, also helping to reduce (nitrogen oxide) NOx emissions (Li et al., 2014). Hydrogen flames achieve relatively low radiation heat transfer compared to other fuels, requiring other (carbon-free) media (such as clinker dust) to be introduced into the fuel stream (Hoenig, Hoppe and Emberger, 2007). Current burners may need to be redesigned to deal with any new media being introduced (for example, to cope with the abrasive properties of clinker dust). Hydrogen causes corrosion and brittleness when it comes into contact with some metals, requiring new coatings and other protective measures. Intermittent sources of hydrogen could present difficulties for high-temperature heat users operating “on-demand” processes, and potentially require costly on-site storage, although other high-temperature heat users could be remunerated for flexibility and the enabling of ancillary grid services. Handling and storing hydrogen on site presents additional difficulties compared with traditional fuels, due to its explosive properties. While many industrial operators are experienced at handling hazardous substances, it may be safer to store hydrogen in other forms, such as ammonia (Hoenig, Hoppe and Emberger, 2007). Sources: Hoenig, Hoppe and Emberger (2007), “Carbon capture technology – options and potentials for the cement industry”; Li et al. (2014), “Study on using hydrogen and ammonia as fuels: Combustion characteristics and NOx formation”, International Journal of Energy Research. PAGE | 119 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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