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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power Maximising the potential long-term promise of hydrogen depends on moving beyond the existing industrial uses of hydrogen described in Chapter 4, and on the development of a strong case for its use as a versatile fuel in various new sectors. This case rests largely on its ability to help diversify the fuel mix and, if produced from low-carbon sources, support the transition to a cleaner energy system. Numerous opportunities exist to use hydrogen outside industrial applications: practically all modes of transport could potentially be run on hydrogen or hydrogen-based fuels; building heating, cooling and electricity needs could be supplied through hydrogen; and the power sector could use hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuels such as ammonia for the production of electricity. Given this versatility, it may be tempting to envisage an all-encompassing low-carbon hydrogen economy in the future. However, other clean energy technology opportunities have greatly improved recently, most importantly solutions that directly use electricity, which means that the future for hydrogen may be much more one of integration into diverse and complementary energy networks. This is especially so since the use of hydrogen in certain end-use sectors faces technical and economic challenges compared with other (low-carbon) competitors. There is also an element of path dependency; for example, rail transport is already widely electrified in many countries. This chapter explores the various possible applications of hydrogen in the transport, buildings and power sectors. It does so by reviewing the potential opportunities for hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels, including their economic competitiveness against other alternatives. Hydrogen as a basis for clean transport fuels Hydrogen gas has long been heralded as a potential transport fuel. It is seen as offering a low- carbon alternative to refined oil products and natural gas, and complementing other alternatives like electricity and advanced biofuels. Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) would reduce local air pollution because – like battery electric vehicles (BEVs) – they have zero tailpipe emissions. As discussed in Chapter 2, hydrogen can be converted to hydrogen-based fuels, including synthetic methane, methanol and ammonia, and synthetic liquid fuels, which have a range of potential transport uses. Synthetic liquid fuels produced from electrolytic hydrogen are often referred to as “power-to-liquid”. The suitability of hydrogen and these hydrogen-based fuels in different transport modes is presented in Table 5, which sets out some of their main advantages and disadvantages.40 In general, hydrogen-based fuels could take advantage of existing infrastructure with limited changes in the value chain, but at the expense of efficiency losses. Hydrogen-based fuels offer particular advantages for aviation (in the form of synthetic jet fuel) and for shipping (as ammonia), sectors where it is more difficult to use either hydrogen or electricity. 40 For all applications the volume requirements for on-board storage are a key challenge for hydrogen. While hydrogen contains around three times more energy per kg than fossil fuels, its energy density is eight times lower than these conventional fuels when compressed to typical on-board storage pressures for gaseous hydrogen (70 megapascals). PAGE | 124 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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