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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power case of buses, the People’s Republic of China (“China”) has reported the largest deployment, with more than 400 registered by the end of 2018 for demonstration projects (AFC TCP, 2019; Hongxiang, 2018). An estimated 50 fuel cell electric buses were also in operation in Europe in 2017, 25 in California and about 30 in other US states (E4tech, 2018). Other demonstration projects have rolled out fuel cell electric buses in Korea and Japan. Volumes are scaling up rapidly and thousands are expected to be in operation by the end of 2020 (mostly in China). Globally at least 11 companies currently manufacture fuel cell electric buses. Because their long range means that there is generally no need to recharge during the day, they are in general well suited to: higher daily mileage (above 200 km per day); larger bus fleets, where refuelling can be simpler than recharging battery electric buses; and flexible routing and operations, for example extending a given route at certain periods of the year. New models of battery electric trucks and buses have recently been produced, purchased and put into operation. The market growth has been fastest in fleets that have access to daily charging opportunities and limited daily ranges (up to 350 km per day), notably urban buses and delivery fleets. Certain operations in these fleets are intensively used and require long ranges, and some fleet owners and operators have found it cost-effective in regions where hydrogen stations exist to install fuel cell range extenders on light- and medium-duty trucks and buses. Intercity buses in particular are likely to be a promising and competitive application for fuel cell electric powertrains. As regards trucks, China leads the global deployment of fuel cell electric trucks and accounts for the majority of demonstration projects. Country-level statistics in 2018 refer to 412units registered in China (AFC TCP, 2019), supplemented by 100 vans. Separately 500 hydrogen fuel cell delivery vehicles are reported as operating in the city of Rugao alone and well over 100 are in full daily operation in and around Shanghai (Hongxiang, 2018; E4tech, 2018) . Outside China, FedEx and UPS, two delivery companies, are trialling fuel cell range-extender Class 6 delivery vehicles in the United States, and the h2Share project is planning to test a 27-tonne heavy-duty truck in Europe (E4tech, 2018; H2-Share, 2018) (Box 12). The French postal service and other logistics companies in France have also installed small fuel cells as range extenders onto 300 battery electric vehicles in their fleet, and other companies have brought to market fuel cell range extenders for electric vans in France (AFHYPAC, 2017). Hydrogen refuelling stations The installation of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, while relatively limited to date, has picked up momentum in the past few years. Hydrogen refuelling stations for road transport vehicles, including both publicly accessible and private refuelling points, reached a worldwide total of 381 in 2018 (Figure 51). Japan (100), Germany (69) and the United States (63) are the three countries with the highest numbers of publicly available hydrogen refuelling stations. These are, however, still small numbers compared with those for BEVs: there are almost 144 000 public fast chargers in the world for light-duty vehicles, 395 000 public slow chargers and 4.7 million private chargers (IEA, 2019a). These numbers mean that there are around 10 BEVs for every public charger and one for every private charger; the average number of FCEVs for every hydrogen refuelling station in most regions where they have been deployed is currently much higher (Figure 51). For a fully developed infrastructure, 2 500–3 500 FCEVs per station are expected (Robinius et al., 2018). PAGE | 127 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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