PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 132
The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power 85 million and light commercial truck sales of 10 million in 2017. These light-duty vehicles require a system consisting of a single fuel cell stack, with a peak power of 80–100 kW per vehicle. Achieving a market share of 5% of the global car market would require 40 fuel cell manufacturing plants, each with an average output of 100 000 units a year. Storage tank costs and potential for cost reduction On-board storage tank costs are determined by expensive composite materials and are expected to fall at a slower pace than fuel cells. On-board storage of hydrogen requires it to be compressed at 350–700 bar for cars and trucks, and this uses the equivalent of 6–15% of the hydrogen energy content.45 The costs of current on-board storage systems (including fittings, valves and regulators) are estimated at USD 23/kWh of useable hydrogen storage at a scale of 10 000 units per year, decreasing to USD 14–18/kWh at a scale of 500 000 units per year (Vijayagopal, Kim and Rousseau, 2017). The US DOE has an ultimate target of USD 8/kWh. For a car with a range of 600 km, this implies costs of around USD 3 400 today and USD 1 800 in the long term for a tank of 225 kWh. For a heavy-duty truck with a range of 700 km, it implies costs of USD 27 700 today and a potential reduction to USD 16 700 for a tank of 1 800 kWh, compared with USD 100 000 – 150 000 for the full cost of a conventional diesel truck tractor. Refuelling infrastructure costs and potential for cost reduction The roll-out of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure is a key requirement for FCEVs. Hydrogen refuelling takes almost as little time as refuelling conventional liquid transport fuels. Supplying refuelling stations with hydrogen, however, may require more time and labour than is the case for conventional transport fuels. Validation of cost estimates is difficult because there are fewer than 400 hydrogen refuelling stations around the world and because their data are usually not disclosed. However, investment costs for hydrogen refuelling stations are estimated to be in the range of USD 0.6–2 million for hydrogen at a pressure of 700 bar, and USD 0.15–1.6 million at 350 bar (Figure 53). The lower end of these ranges is for stations with a capacity of 50 kgH2/day while the upper is for 1 300 kgH2/day.46 The two largest cost components are the compressor (which can be up to 60% of the total cost when the delivery pressure is 700 bar) to achieve the delivery pressure, and the storage tanks (which are relatively large due to lower hydrogen density). The actual cost of building a station varies considerably across countries, mainly as a result of different safety and permitting requirements. There are strong economies of scale. Increasing the capacity from 50 to 500 kgH2/day would be likely to reduce the specific cost (i.e. the capital cost per kg of hydrogen dispensed) by 75%. Larger capacity stations of up to a few 1 000 kgH2/day are being planned, especially for heavy-duty applications, and these offer potential for further economies of scale. There is also potential for costs to be reduced through a shift to more advanced supply options (such as very high pressure or liquid hydrogen) and through scale-up in the manufacturing of refuelling station products (via mass production of components, such as the compressors). 45 Even at 700 bar it is important to note that hydrogen storage needs seven times more space to achieve the same range as conventional diesel technology. 46 The total cost of the engineering, construction and general overheads for hydrogen refuelling stations with the capacity to deliver 130 kg to 350 kg per day of hydrogen falls in a higher range (USD 2.4–USD 3.2 million) (Baronas et al., 2017) PAGE | 132 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
PDF Search Title:
The Future of Hydrogen 2019Original File Name Searched:
the_future_of_hydrogen.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |