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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power Figure 57. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Current and future total cost of ownership of fuel/powertrain alternatives in a bulk carrier ship Synthetic fuel (air capture) Synthetic fuel (best case) Delivered hydrogen / ammonia Fossil fuel Infrastructure Storage Fuel cell / engine Base ship using tank trucks to fuel ships; and using a smaller refuelling station. However, to lower fuel costs, larger facilities would be needed for more widespread deployment. VLSFO LNG ICE Hydrogen Ammonia Today Synthetic fuels FC ICE Hydrogen Ammonia Long term Synthetic fuels Note: More information on the assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. ICE Due to the cost of liquefying and high storage costs, hydrogen is likely to be more costly than other low-carbon alternatives for long-distance maritime transport. In a 15-year first-owner lifetime calculation, a CO2 price of USD 40–230/tCO2 would be required to make ammonia cost-competitive with fossil-based fuels, depending on the delivered cost of ammonia, which will vary by region (Figure 58). The break-even carbon prices for hydrogen are USD 35–45/tCO2 higher than ammonia, mainly due to the higher storage cost resulting from its lower energy density.50 It would represent a substantial cost increase for the ship owner and the switch would require policies that have an effect equivalent to these CO2 prices across competing fleets, for example mandates or low-carbon fuel standards. However, the impact of passing these costs on to the final consumer would be limited because transport costs represent a small share (often less than 1%) of the total price of shipped goods (ETC, 2018a). 50 This value would be higher for a charterer looking for three-year payback (charterers currently oversee more than half of container fleet operations (Global Ship Lease, 2019). PAGE | 141 IEA. All rights reserved. Total cost of ownership (USD/km)PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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