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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power Hydrogen as a fuel for heat in buildings Table 6. Methane produced from clean hydrogen Potential routes to use hydrogen for buildings heat supply Strategy Advantages Requirements Examples Blending Low-cost solution compatible with most existing gas infrastructure and equipment Blending ratios to around 5– 20% in most instances. Additional efficiency measures to further abate CO2 GRHYD project (2017) in France. HyDeploy (2019) in the United Kingdom Full decarbonisation of gas if low-carbon hydrogen and low-carbon CO2 inputs. Utilisation of existing gas networks and equipment Investment in methanation plants. R&D to improve the efficiency of methanation. Carbon source, such as CO2 100% hydrogen Full decarbonisation of gas if low-carbon hydrogen. Lower efficiency losses than synthetic methane Investment to upgrade gas network and equipment. Co-ordination between gas suppliers and distributors if various networks coexist Use of fuel cells and co- generation STORE&GO (2016) European project with catalytic and biological methanation (demonstration projects between 200 kW and 1 MW) ENE-FARM programme in Japan (2009).* Energy Efficiency Incentive Programme in Germany (2016)** The global buildings sector accounts for 30% of global final energy use, nearly three-quarters of which is used for space heating, hot water production and cooking. Including traditional use of solid biomass in developing countries, related energy demand was around 2 200 Mtoe in 2017. Nearly half of this was produced directly from fossil fuels, with natural gas accounting for 620 Mtoe. Most of the rest came from conventional electric equipment (for example electric resistance radiators and cookstoves) and commercial heat (e.g. district heating), around 85% of which was produced using fossil fuels in 2017. Overall, nearly 28% of global energy-related CO2 emissions result from energy use in buildings. Replacing heat provision with low-carbon alternatives and reducing heat demand through improving buildings is challenging. Decision-making for energy use in buildings is complex and depends on building type, location, ownership, customer preferences, equipment costs, energy prices and overall convenience, amongst other factors. This plurality of variables means that various energy sources and technologies are likely to co-exist in the future, from natural gas boilers to electric heat pumps, district heating and solar thermal heating. Hydrogen has the potential to contribute to the energy transition (e.g. through blending or methane production) and to long-term strategies for decarbonising heat (e.g. pure hydrogen production from renewables) (Table 6). In doing so, it can make use of existing building and energy network infrastructure to provide both flexibility and continuity. Multiple energy services (e.g. heat and electricity). Demand-side response potential Investment in fuel cell or co- generation technology. R&D to improve the efficiency of equipment * Current ENE-FARM installations are running on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas, mainly targeted at cost reduction. ** The programme includes fuel cell applications in buildings. PAGE | 144 The H21 Leeds City Gate (> 2025) and the H21 Network Innovation Competition (NIC-2018) projects in the United Kingdom IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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