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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power Global installed stationary fuel cell capacity has been rapidly growing over the last ten years, reaching almost 1.6 GW in 2018 (Figure 61), although only around 70 MW uses hydrogen as fuel; most of the existing fuel cells today run on natural gas. The number of globally installed fuel cell units is around 363 000, largely dominated by micro co-generation systems. The Japanese ENE- FARM initiative (Box 14) accounts for the majority, with around 276 000 micro co-generation systems, but represents only 12% of the installed capacity at 193 MW (IPHE, 2018a). Outside Japan, the residential fuel cell market is also growing in Germany, driven by the KfW433 support programme with around 1 900 funding approvals by November 2018 (IPHE, 2018b). Larger fuel cell systems above 100 kW to 2.4 MW are still almost exclusively deployed in Korea and the United States, with installed capacities of 300 MW and 150 MW, respectively. A further growing market for fuel cells is the provision of back-up power and off-grid electricity (Box 16). Figure 61. 1 600 1 200 800 400 Development of global stationary fuel cell capacity, 2007–18 Installed capacity 400 Installed number of units 00 2007 2010 2015 2018 2007 2010 2015 2018 Sources: E4tech (various years), The Fuel Cell Industry Review; S&P Global Platts (2018), World Electric Power Plants Database. Stationary fuel cells have experienced strong growth over the last decade in terms of installed capacity and number of units, but still represent only 0.02% of global power generation capacity. Very few countries have stated explicit targets for the use of hydrogen or hydrogen-based fuels in the power sector. Japan is one of the few exceptions: it aims to reach 1 GW of power capacity based on hydrogen by 2030, corresponding to an annual hydrogen consumption of 0.3 MtH2, rising to 15–30 GW in the longer term, corresponding to annual hydrogen use of 15– 30 MtH2 (METI, 2017). Korea is another exception: its hydrogen roadmap sets a target of 1.5 GW installed fuel cell capacity in the power sector by 2022, and 15 GW by 2040. A number of countries have, however, recognised the potential of hydrogen as a low-carbon option for power and heat generation. Research and pilot projects to introduce hydrogen and ammonia as fuel for gas turbines and coal power plants are being pursued in Japan. An existing 440 MW combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant is being converted from natural gas to hydrogen in the Netherlands, and ammonia is being considered for long-term storage there; it would be reconverted into hydrogen and nitrogen before combustion of the hydrogen in the gas turbine (Northern Netherlands Innovation Board, 2017). The Port Lincoln Green Hydrogen Project under construction in Australia includes a 30 MW electrolyser plant and an ammonia production facility, as well as a 10 MW hydrogen-fired gas turbine and a 5 MW hydrogen fuel cell, which 300 200 100 PAGE | 153 IEA. All rights reserved. Thousand units MWPDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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