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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power will supply balancing services to the grid and the ammonia plant. The facility will also support to two new solar farms, as well as a nearby micro-grid which will be utilised by local aqua agriculturists who have been affected by ageing back-up power generation (Bruce et al., 2018). Box 16. Using fuel cells to provide back-up power and access to electricity The provision of back-up power and off-grid electricity is today often still dominated by diesel generators. Fuel cells represent a possible alternative, in many cases reducing local air pollution as well as the need for imported diesel. An estimated 2 500 to 3 000 such systems were deployed in 2018 (E4Tech, 2018). The mobile telecommunication industry is an example of a sector that needs back-up and off- grid power. It relies on an estimated 7 million base stations worldwide, and this number is increasing by over 100 000 each year, mostly in developing and emerging economies. To ensure reliable electricity supply for these base stations in parts of the world where the electricity infrastructure is weak or no grid connection is available, these base stations require their own electricity supply, which is often provided by diesel generators or diesel-battery hybrid systems, with each base station consuming around 10 000 to 12 000 litres of diesel per year. To take one example, India has around 650 000 telecom towers today, around 20% of which rely on diesel generators, resulting in an annual diesel consumption of 5 billion litres and CO2 emissions of 5 MtCO2/yr (Lele, 2019). Fuel cell systems, relying on bottled hydrogen, methanol or ammonia as fuel, offer an alternative to diesel generators or battery systems. Compared to battery systems, fuel cells can operate in environments from -40°C to 50°C without the need for any cooling. (It has been also reported that compared to diesel generators, PV systems and batteries, fuel cells and their fuel appear less attractive to thieves.) In Kenya 800 base stations are switching from diesel generators to 4 kW ammonia-based alkaline fuel cell systems, including a cracker to convert the ammonia into hydrogen. A single 12-tonne tank of ammonia can provide enough fuel to operate a base station for a year (Ammonia Energy, 2018). In South Africa, over 300 stationary fuel cell systems have been rolled out by Vodacom to provide back-up power for telecom base stations, with a further 250 planned for 2019. Fuel cells can also help to provide back-up for power outages and access to electricity for off- grid villages, schools and clinics. In South Africa, a small rural village of 34 households was electrified in 2014 in a trial project through a mini grid, relying for electricity supply on three 5 kW methanol fuel cells in combination with a 14 m3 methanol tank and a 73 kWh battery bank. Improvements to stationary fuel cell systems have led to larger field trials, with more recent deployments in Kwa Zulu Natal province involving energy provision for over 500 households in two rural villages as well as water distribution in the area. In 2015 a fuel cell system was installed at a clinic in Gauteng province to provide back-up power for refrigeration of critical medicines and vaccines during power outages. In the same year, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, hydrogen fuel cells were installed at schools to support basic electricity requirements such as charging stations for tablets, fax machines and computers. A wider market for stationary power installations up to around 5 MW for uninterruptible and PAGE | 154 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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