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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 6: Policies to boost momentum in key value chains Policy category Policy needs Purpose Cross-cutting examples 3. Investment risk mitigation Measures that help tip the balance in favour of private investment in discrete facilities in the earlier stages of scale-up when risks are dominated by uncertain demand, unfamiliarity and value chain complexity. Address the many applications for hydrogen entering the “valley of death” where demand creation policy is insufficient on its own to make projects bankable or overcome co-ordination market failures. Policies to address risks associated with both capital and operational costs are needed. Includes: loans; export credits; risk guarantees; accounting systems that enable trading of “guarantees of origin”; tax breaks; regulated returns; water resource and CCUS planning. Chinese policy bank loans; Australia's Clean Energy Finance Corporation; EU projects of common European interest; EIB Energy Lending Policy; multilateral bank financing; EU Connecting Europe Facility; Southern California Gas Company renewable natural gas certification. Governments need to continue playing a central role in setting the research agenda for early- stage high-risk projects, taking early-stage risks and crowding in private investment in projects. For technologies at the point of market scale-up and lower- risk projects, a range of policy tools can incentivise the private sector to take the lead in driving innovation based on market needs and competition. Meet the need for better-performing and lower-cost technologies that operate in an integrated manner and are more cost- effective to produce and install. Includes: direct project funding and co- funding; tax incentives; concessional loans; complex demonstration co-ordination; equity in start-ups; multilateral collaboration initiatives; targeted communication campaigns; prizes. Cross-cutting, non-sector specific areas of need: • Electrolysers: efficiency; lifetime; manufacturing and installation costs; recyclability; oxygen production. • Fuel cells: precious metals content; efficiency; recyclability; manufacturing costs; storage tank costs. • Safety of hydrogen, ammonia, toluene: understanding of implications of new uses; management techniques. • CCUS and methane pyrolysis: Capture rates > 90%; inte-grated demonstrations of pre-commercial approaches. • Hydrogen-based fuels/feedstocks: flexibility and efficiency of Haber- Bosch, methanation, Fischer-Tropsch. • Storage: solid-state; lightweight tanks; porous media. • DAC: capital costs; efficiency; sorbent costs; integration with exothermal processes (e.g. Fischer-Tropsch). • Biomass: gasification efficiency and costs. 4. R&D, strategic demonstration projects and knowledge sharing US Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program and H2@Scale; Japanese NEDO Roadmap for fuel cells and hydrogen; EU Horizon 2020 and the public-private partnership on Fuel Cell and Hydrogen (FCH JU); Germany National Innovation Program for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology; French Hydrogen Plan; Mission Innovation challenge; Clean Energy Ministerial initiatives. PAGE | 176 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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