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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 6: Policies to boost momentum in key value chains Policy category Policy needs Purpose Cross-cutting examples 5. Harmonising standards, removing barriers Lower or remove unnecessary regulatory barriers and establish common standards that facilitate trade and ensure safety for all the elements in the value chain. Engage local communities to ensure they can make informed decisions about the risks and impacts of new hydrogen projects. Assist the market uptake of hydrogen technologies by removing barriers that prevent adoption or increase risks, and address potential public concerns. Cross-cutting issues include safety standards, avoiding double taxation of energy where applicable, and distribution purity and pressure. A key issue is the certification of CO2 intensity and provenance of hydrogen supplies, as well as benchmarks for the incumbent processes they replace. An international framework is needed that is robust against mislabelling or double-counting of environmental impacts (so-called “guarantees of origin”) and covers CO2 inputs to hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks. Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme; International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE); International Organization for Standardization (ISO) TC 197; International Electrotechnical Commission TC 105; CEN Sector Forum Energy Management; HySafe; EU CertifHy; CSA Group. 1. Coastal industrial clusters: Gateways to building clean hydrogen hubs Clusters of industrial activity offer a major opportunity for ramping up the deployment of low- carbon hydrogen. They reduce the need for upfront investment in transmission and distribution infrastructure because demand and supply of hydrogen can be co-located (Figure 66). They reduce the need to develop demand and equipment for hydrogen use in new sectors because many industrial hubs already have large established users of hydrogen for refining and chemicals, including ammonia. And they offer large and rising volumes of hydrogen demand, reflecting the fact that the use of hydrogen for refining, ammonia, methanol and steelmaking is set to grow in all IEA scenarios and in many existing industrial hubs (Chapter 4). Replacing even a small percentage of current hydrogen use in refining, steel or ammonia production would, however, require a large step-up in supply of low-carbon hydrogen from electrolysis or CCUS. The largest water electrolysers proposed today are around 100 MW, equivalent to around 10% of a single steel plant’s hydrogen demand. The reasons why coastal industrial hubs are of particular interest for hydrogen value chains are fourfold: • Much of the 74 Mt of existing demand for pure hydrogen is already at coastal hubs, as is much of the 45 Mt of demand for hydrogen in mixtures of gases and almost all of the dedicated hydrogen pipeline and storage infrastructure. In several cases – such as the US Gulf Coast and in Belgium, France and the Netherlands – these clusters already have hydrogen pipeline networks that might be built upon for trade in new hydrogen sources. The global distribution of existing refining, steelmaking and chemicals production indicates several such clusters (Figure 66), and these sectors are all growing: annual PAGE | 177 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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