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vapor phase during the esterification of adipic acid with isopropyl alcohol using sulfuric acid as catalyst. Thus, the profit from the effective water removal by the membrane was revealed since the yield of diisopropyl adipate reached 98%. In comparison an equilibrium yield of 56% was obtained during the operation without membrane. After 10 runs the permeation fluxes of water were reduced, however the reaction maintained stable performance showing 99% esterification conversion and 97% yield. On the other hand, acid-resistant hydrophilic merlionite (MER), phillipsite (PHI) and chabazite (CHA) zeolite membranes [133] have been also applied in pervaporation-aided ester condensation reactions with alcohols in order to extract water and so shift the equilibrium position. The authors recorded more than 20% increased yield compared to the equilibrium conversion demonstrating the profit of using zeolite membranes for selective water removal. Hydroxy sodalite (SOD) zeolite membranes combine excellent separation of water from various organic alcohol streams and good resistance to the acidic medium in esterification reactions as shown by Khajavi et al. [128,134]. For this reason, SOD zeolite membranes were applied in the pervaporation-aided esterification of acetic acid with either ethanol or 1-butanol. The membrane exhibited absolute water selectivity, thereby. Moreover, the membrane was able to permeate water in rates comparable to its formation rate giving rise to enhanced yield and almost complete conversion. Importantly, the membrane demonstrated stable water permeation under mild acidic conditions for long period of operation. This behavior was ascribed by the authors mainly to low aluminum leaching out of the zeolite structure due the narrow window openings of the SOD zeolite. Very recently, kinetic modeling of pervaporation-aided esterification of propionic acid and ethanol with T-type zeolite membranes has been performed and compared with the experimental data obtained in order to provide further insights on the effect of the operating parameters temperature, ethanol/acid molar ration, as well as ratio of membrane area to amount of initial reaction liquid [135]. As a result, more effective water removal and thus improved esterification conversion could be ensured by the use of membranes with larger area, however to the disadvantages of higher equipment costs. Further example of process intensification by incorporation of NaA zeolite membrane tubes into a reactive distillation column for the etherification of tert-amyl alcohol with ethanol was given by Aiouache et al. [136]. The hybrid configuration was found to be effective for the removal of water and consequently for the surpassing of the thermodynamic limitations leading to increased tert-amyl ethyl ether yield. However, the special implementation of zeolite membranes in membrane reactors, where catalysis and selective separation are combined in the same unit, could offer several advantages in comparison to the conventional reactor (CR) 12PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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