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disc membranes giving a ratio of membrane area to reactor volume of 200 m−1, whereas 10–100 m−1 is said being reasonable for industrial application [94]. For comparison, the authors performed the same reaction in a conventional fixed-bed reactor operated under the same conditions. Water and DME were the only products of the catalytic experiments. Increased temperature in the range of 150–250 ◦C and decreased weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) from 2.6 to 0.5 h−1 evinced to be more beneficial for the membrane reactor configuration, resulting in more than 20% absolute improvement of the methanol conversion. However, the limiting factor in course of the experimental study turned out to be on the one hand the reactor design and on the other hand the membrane selectivity since the separation of methanol and water is mainly based on competitive adsorption being so dependent on the process parameter temperature, pressure and composition. Apart from overcoming equilibrium limited reactions, hydrophilic zeolite membranes can be employed in reactions where the water removal will contribute to decreased catalyst deactivation. So, the feasibility of NaA zeolite membranes for water liquid-phase etherification of n-pentanol to di-n-pentyl ether (DNPE) catalyzed by ion-exchange sulfonated resins has been evaluated [188]. In this reaction, the formed water has a strong deactivating effect on the catalyst. However, due to the excellent dehydration performance of the membrane an enhancement of the n-pentanol conversion (64% conversion compared to 35% in the fixed bed-reactor) was possible. Moreover, the authors analyzed the economic aspects of the membrane-based reactor configuration for DNPE production and estimated by assuming a 35,000 tm DNPE/year production about 30% of the investment costs for the membrane reactor. According to analysis of operational costs (OPEX) for 1 L of DNPE it would be related to 1.6 US$ of unit costs. Meanwhile, the carbon dioxide utilization is one of the most challenging tasks in chemistry [189,190]. Here, zeolite membranes might be used for the direct dimethyl ether synthesis from a mixture of syngas and carbon dioxide [191]. However, in the multistep reaction via methanol water is being released [192,193]. The advantageous performance of a packed bed zeolite membrane reactor was theoretically demonstrated for in situ water removal. However, based on mathematical models, the authors concluded that the dimethyl ether yield is highly dependent on the membrane water permselectivity. For instance, for membranes with low permselectivity, the dimethyl ether yield was nearly 50% lower due to reactant loss than that obtained in a conventional reactor (7.0% yield in the PBMR vs. 14.8% yield in the CR). Therefore, in further studies, the same authors analyzed and optimized theoretically the operating conditions leading to enhanced dimethyl ether yield and CO2 recovery [194]. Thereby, the authors found an increase in CO2 conversion up to 85% by using high sweep gas stream. Moreover, approximately 30% yield of DME could be obtained in the PBMR at high 22PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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