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recirculation factors of the sweep gas stream due to reduction in the methanol loss across the membrane. In addition, the application of hydrophilic membrane reactors for the selective in situ removal of water has been considered for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in three directions: (i) improvement of the catalyst lifetime; (ii) rise of the reactor productivity; and (iii) displacement of the water gas shift equilibrium in favor of CO [195,196]. The use of hydrophilic zeolite membranes and their positive effect on the conversion in the Fischer-Tropsch process was earlier discussed by Espinoza et al. [197]. Later, Rohde et al. [196] evaluated thoroughly different membranes. The authors concluded that membranes with proper fluxes for the selective removal of water from mixtures comprising H2, CO, CO2 and hydrocarbons are still required for industrial application. For such applications H2O permeances of over 1 × 10−7 mol/(s m2 Pa) and ratios of H2O permeance to that of respective reactants greater than 75 were defined. In this context, the literature study showed that zeolite membranes outperform both amorphous membranes and polymer membranes in regard to H2O permeance (in the range of 1 × 10−7 and 10−6 mol/(s m2 Pa)) and H2O/H2 permselectivity (>10), being however far from meeting the defined requirements for technical application. Hence, the authors suggested hydroxy sodalite zeolite membranes with a layer thickness of 2 μm as auspicious candidate for the in situ water removal due to their extraordinary separation and permeation performance demonstrated as well earlier by Khajavi et al. [198]. Recently, a novel reactor configuration denoted as fixed-bed membrane reactor followed by fluidized-bed membrane reactor (FMFMDR) has been proposed for high temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, in particular gasoline production from syngas [199,200]. This configuration combines a fixed-bed water permselective membrane reactor equipped with H-SOD zeolite membrane coated on α-Al2O3 substrate and a fluidized-bed hydrogen permselective membrane reactor equipped with Pd-Ag membrane. By means of theoretical modeling, the authors stated the benefits of the studied reactor configuration in respect to improved gasoline yield and reduced CO2 yield. 4.1.2. Hydrogen Permeation in Dehydrogenation Reactions The dehydrogenation of alkanes to olefins is a strongly endothermic and thermodynamically equilibrium limited reaction [201]. By removing products from the reaction zone the reaction equilibrium will be displaced towards the product side, thus increasing the overall conversion. The performance of hydrogen selective zeolite membranes in terms of H2 (product) removal and its effect on the reaction efficiency has been studied in dehydrogenation of alkanes by several groups. For instance, MFI zeolite membranes were applied in a PBMR configuration and extensively investigated in dehydrogenation of i-butane by the 23PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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