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Bernal et al. [167] was the first who proposed the use of H-ZSM-5 zeolite membrane reactors in the continuous esterification. The idea behind was the lower diffusion resistance offered by a reactor configuration integrating the reaction and separation in once, which could assure the immediate removal of the formed products, thus displacing the equilibrium and giving rise to higher turnover. The catalytic zeolite membrane reactor outperformed both the conventional fixed-bed reactor and the inert zeolite membrane reactor in the conversion of acetic acid with ethanol. The improved performance over the latter was mainly attributed to the absence of a diffusion step from the catalyst bed to the membrane surface. In this way, de la Iglesia et al. [231] coupled the catalytic activity of H-ZSM-5 and the selective water separation properties of modernite membranes in two-layered mordenite-ZSM-5 bi-functional membranes thus improving further the performance of the zeolite membrane reactor in the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. In fact, much more advanced improvement could be reached by simultaneous control of the membrane thickness and the zeolite membrane composition. Using composite catalytically active H-USY zeolite membranes Peters et al. [230] managed to couple reaction and separation for continuous esterification of acetic acid and butanol. Again, the authors pointed that optimization of the catalytic layer will contribute to further enhancement of the reactor performance. 6. ZeoliteMembraneCoatingsonCatalystParticles The potential of combining macroscopic units of zeolite membranes and catalysts in chemical reactors was described for diverse applications in the previous chapters. However, the desired improvements in reaction selectivity and productivity are not all of the important reaction parameters to be optimized. Relatively often zeolite membranes suffer from low permeation flux. To overcome this issue a sufficiently larger membrane area (related to the catalyst volume) is demanded which would lead to space velocities compatible to conventional reactors. The shape selectivity, often being the main property of zeolites membranes, could be used to design novel catalyst materials by adding this feature to conventional catalysts. In this regard, coating permselective zeolite membranes (shell) on particular catalysts (core) may provide selectivity and possible additional catalytic sites. Importantly, such encapsulated catalysts will offer a much larger membrane area per unit reactor volume than conventional membrane reactors. Figure 9 displays a scheme of a catalyst bed filled with such core-shell particles, whereas each of them can be understood as a kind of zeolite membrane microreactor. 38PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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