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CO conversion and higher selectivity to middle i-paraffins than the other catalyst as compared in Figure 13. Despite its remarkable performance, the necessity of product diffusion improvement was pointed out. Very recently, Xing et al. [244] applied SBA-15 as support for iron-based catalyst cores which were micro-capsuled by H-ZSM-5 with sizes of about 1–2 μm. The mesoporous silica enables high activity and stability of the catalyst cores thanks to confinement effects already discussed in the literature for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactions [282–284]. The achieved high i-paraffin selectivity of 46.5% was attributed to the improved diffusion rate of reactants and products provided by the mesopore channels of the catalyst core as well as to the micro-pores of the zeolite membrane combined with acidic sites responsible for further hydrocracking and isomerization of the heavy hydrocarbons. However, experience has shown that zeolite membrane synthesis onto Fischer-Tropsch catalyst might be difficult to control since it requires alkaline conditions which could lead to catalyst damage or badly coating [255,257,281]. Another weakness is the already discussed increased methane selectivity. Larger metal particle size or larger amount of metal loading over the used supports in the design of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts is suggested in the literature as a possible route to overcome these drawbacks [284–287]. Very recently, Jin et al. [260] developed a novel dual-membrane coating Fe/SiO2 catalyst core with silicalite-1 and H-ZSM-5 zeolite membranes following a previously reported synthesis procedure for double-shell capsule catalyst [262]. The silicalite-1 synthesized under close-to-neutral condition was acting as catalyst protective membrane for the core with high iron loading, whereas the H-ZSM-5 was the active membrane for the synthesis of i-paraffins. The authors stressed that attempts to coat H-ZSM-5 directly over high iron loading Fe/SiO2 core failed due to the strong alkaline conditions required for its synthesis. The i-paraffin selectivity of 29.8% being higher than that of Fe/SiO2 catalyst (12.9%) and the physical mixture (16.6%) was attributed to the combination of the hydrogenation and isomerization of the formed olefins at the core and the hydrocracking and isomerization of the heavy hydrocarbons in the dual-membrane catalyst. Moreover, relatively low methane selectivity (14.9%) compared to the other reported core-shell catalysts was obtained [234,256,281], indeed being still higher than that of the core catalyst and the physical mixture. Additionally, Yang et al. reported the benefit of controlling the pellet size for the preparation of H-ZSM-5 zeolite capsule catalysts on small Ru/SiO2 pellets [255]. It was demonstrated that catalyst with smaller pellet size promoted the growth of the zeolite capsule while increasing the zeolite membrane thickness led to high activity and remarkable i-paraffin selectivity. 52PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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