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zeolite and remains similar to deactivated ZSM-5 [32], including the reference ZSM-5 (Ref. [1]). The ZSM-5 zeolite prepared with an extract of biomass (0.1 mol/L), samples A, B and C, exhibited similar relative crystallinity and textural properties. The rate of hexane consumption for the zeolite obtained after an ageing time of 72 h, was two-fold higher than the one achieved after 24 h ageing (Table 3). In contrast, SAR was 1.5-fold higher in the former, i.e. probably resulting in a lower quantity of Brønsted acid sites. ZSM-5 C(72) exhibits a high degree of twinning which led to higher exposure of straight channel pore openings. Hence, this may render easier the access to active sites and therefore speed up the cracking rate. In contrast, only minor changes could be observed in the selectivity toward propylene for all samples. Since the aim of this manuscript was to evaluate the acid properties of those zeolites the lower conversion regime was adopted therefore sequential reactions by re-conversion of primary and secondary products of n-hexane were avoided. As a consequence a lower effect on selectivity was observed and yet heavier compounds than n-C6 were severely suppressed. For instance similar propane/propene ratios (as presented in Table 2) varied between 0.34–0.39 and yet the coke amount (not shown) varies in the range 0.3–0.4 wt % in spent ZSM-5. Table 3. Data obtained in the n-hexane catalytic cracking reaction. Catalyst Ref. [1] A B C D E F Conversion Rate nC6 * C3= Propane/Propylene 2.1 0.78 0.26 0.35 1.8 0.38 0.26 0.35 2.7 0.57 0.28 0.39 3.5 0.71 0.32 0.37 2.9 0.60 0.31 0.36 3.4 0.71 0.33 0.36 2.1 0.43 0.28 0.34 * mmol ̈ g ̈ cat ́1 ̈ min ́1 . Regarding, ZSM-5 D(24) to F(72) catalysts, it appears that the highest rate of n-hexane cracking was achieved for ZSM-5 E(48), that exhibits the highest crystallinity. In contrast, the alkane cracking rate was the lowest for ZSM-5 F(72). The latter zeolite seems to be built by different aggregation mechanism(s), since its surface remains rather heterogeneous. The self-assembly of smaller building blocks (like slabs) may generate a higher surface permeability in those smaller sub-units [33,34]. According to Karger et al., these surface barriers may induce a higher resistance for the molecules to enter inside the pores in smaller crystals [33], thus reducing the reaction rate. These results clearly demonstrate that the ZSM-5 properties (SAR, crystal size, crystallization, and morphology) are remarkably affected by the presence 232PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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